{"id": "ad183e42ff7fb01c", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/am-i-responsible-for-my-spouses-debts-after-they-die-en-1467/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/am-i-responsible-for-my-spouses-debts-after-they-die-en-1467/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Am I responsible for my spouse’s debts after they die?", "description": "If your spouse dies, you’re generally not responsible for their debt, unless it’s a shared debt, or you are responsible under state law.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:26Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:44Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:44Z", "word_count": 798, "char_count": 4542, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.095, "quality_score": 0.94, "content_hash": "7d43215c65bab2b544ec21785ababcaf7c4dacefc580ba1fcb693fa6103e1bd3", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If your spouse dies, you’re generally not responsible for their debt, unless it’s a shared debt, or you are responsible under state law.\n\nDon’t assume you have to pay\n\nYou are generally not responsible for someone else’s debt. When someone dies with an unpaid debt, if the debt needs to be paid, it should be paid from any money or property they left behind according to state law. This is called their estate.\n\nWhen there is no estate\n\nIf there is no money or property left in an estate, or the estate can’t pay, then the debt generally goes unpaid. For example, when state law requires the estate to pay survivors first, there might not be any money left over to pay debts.\n\nWhen could I be responsible for debts after a spouse’s death?\n\nYou might be responsible for your spouse’s debt after their death if the debt is shared. This can happen when:\n\n- You are a co-signer on your spouse’s loan\n\n- You are a joint account holder on a credit card (not just an authorized user on the account)\n\n- You live in a community property state, which means you share responsibility for certain debts created during the marriage\n\n- You live in a state with necessaries statutes, which are laws that say parents and spouses are responsible for paying certain necessary costs such as healthcare\n\nIf you are the executor or administrator, or personal representative for your spouse’s estate, debt collectors can contact you to discuss their debts. Debt collectors are not allowed to say or hint that you are responsible for paying the debts with your own money.\n\nWhen a debt collector can contact you about a spouse’s debt\n\nThere are generally rules for when a debt collector can contact you about a debt. For example, if you are the spouse, debt collectors can mention the debt to you, and you have the right to learn more about it. But this doesn’t mean that you’re responsible for paying it. And if you’re not responsible for the debt, debt collectors are also not allowed to say that you are.\n\nHere’s what you can do:\n\n- Talk with a lawyer. A lawyer can help you figure out if you are responsible for paying a debt. If you are responsible, a lawyer can help you understand your protections, including exemptions you may have under federal and state laws. A lawyer can also help you determine how best to deal with debt collectors.\n\n- Get the details of the debt in writing. In most circumstances, the collector must give you details about the debt during your first conversation or within 5 days of when they first contacted you. If the information is provided in writing, it’s known as a written validation notice. If the debt collector knows that you’re the surviving spouse, parent of a minor who died, or a personal representative but they still refuse to give you details about the debt, then you could be dealing with a scam.\n\n- Dispute the debt. If you believe you don’t owe the debt or it’s not yours to pay, you should dispute it. If you receive a validation notice and dispute the debt in writing within 30 days, the debt collector must stop contacting you until they verify the debt in writing. The written validation notice will include a deadline for when you must submit your written dispute letter.\n\n- Set boundaries for how debt collectors contact you. You can tell debt collectors how to contact you . You can also tell debt collectors not to contact you at certain times or places or by phone, email, text message, or mail. If you don’t want to hear from the debt collector again, you can also send the collector a written request to stop contacting you.\n\nUnderstand how the CFPB's Debt Collection Rule impacts you\n\nHelp is available\n\nThese rules can be hard to navigate, especially when you’ve recently lost a loved one, but help is available.\n\n- Get legal help. Lawyers can help you understand your rights and make a plan. You may qualify for free legal aid, based on your income. Contact your local bar association or find a legal aid office in your area.\n\n- Find local services and supports. The Eldercare Locator connects older Americans and their caregivers with trustworthy local support resources, including free legal aid for many older adults .\n\nStill having trouble with debt collection?\n\nCompanies can usually answer questions unique to your situation and more specific to the products and services they offer. If you have a complaint, tell us about your issue—we’ll forward your issue to the company, give you a tracking number, and keep you updated on the status of your complaint.\n\nLearn how the complaint process works", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If your spouse dies, you’re generally not responsible for their debt, unless it’s a shared debt, or you are responsible under state law."}, {"heading_path": ["Don’t assume you have to pay"], "anchor": "don't-assume-you-have-to-pay", "text": "You are generally not responsible for someone else’s debt. When someone dies with an unpaid debt, if the debt needs to be paid, it should be paid from any money or property they left behind according to state law. This is called their estate."}, {"heading_path": ["When there is no estate"], "anchor": "when-there-is-no-estate", "text": "If there is no money or property left in an estate, or the estate can’t pay, then the debt generally goes unpaid. For example, when state law requires the estate to pay survivors first, there might not be any money left over to pay debts."}, {"heading_path": ["When could I be responsible for debts after a spouse’s death?"], "anchor": null, "text": "You might be responsible for your spouse’s debt after their death if the debt is shared. This can happen when:\n\n- You are a co-signer on your spouse’s loan\n\n- You are a joint account holder on a credit card (not just an authorized user on the account)\n\n- You live in a community property state, which means you share responsibility for certain debts created during the marriage\n\n- You live in a state with necessaries statutes, which are laws that say parents and spouses are responsible for paying certain necessary costs such as healthcare\n\nIf you are the executor or administrator, or personal representative for your spouse’s estate, debt collectors can contact you to discuss their debts. Debt collectors are not allowed to say or hint that you are responsible for paying the debts with your own money."}, {"heading_path": ["When a debt collector can contact you about a spouse’s debt"], "anchor": "when-a-debt-collector-can-contact-you-about-a-spouse's-debt", "text": "There are generally rules for when a debt collector can contact you about a debt. For example, if you are the spouse, debt collectors can mention the debt to you, and you have the right to learn more about it. But this doesn’t mean that you’re responsible for paying it. And if you’re not responsible for the debt, debt collectors are also not allowed to say that you are.\n\nHere’s what you can do:\n\n- Talk with a lawyer. A lawyer can help you figure out if you are responsible for paying a debt. If you are responsible, a lawyer can help you understand your protections, including exemptions you may have under federal and state laws. A lawyer can also help you determine how best to deal with debt collectors.\n\n- Get the details of the debt in writing. In most circumstances, the collector must give you details about the debt during your first conversation or within 5 days of when they first contacted you. If the information is provided in writing, it’s known as a written validation notice. If the debt collector knows that you’re the surviving spouse, parent of a minor who died, or a personal representative but they still refuse to give you details about the debt, then you could be dealing with a scam.\n\n- Dispute the debt. If you believe you don’t owe the debt or it’s not yours to pay, you should dispute it. If you receive a validation notice and dispute the debt in writing within 30 days, the debt collector must stop contacting you until they verify the debt in writing. The written validation notice will include a deadline for when you must submit your written dispute letter.\n\n- Set boundaries for how debt collectors contact you. You can tell debt collectors how to contact you . You can also tell debt collectors not to contact you at certain times or places or by phone, email, text message, or mail. If you don’t want to hear from the debt collector again, you can also send the collector a written request to stop contacting you.\n\nUnderstand how the CFPB's Debt Collection Rule impacts you"}, {"heading_path": ["When a debt collector can contact you about a spouse’s debt", "Help is available"], "anchor": "help-is-available", "text": "These rules can be hard to navigate, especially when you’ve recently lost a loved one, but help is available.\n\n- Get legal help. Lawyers can help you understand your rights and make a plan. You may qualify for free legal aid, based on your income. Contact your local bar association or find a legal aid office in your area.\n\n- Find local services and supports. The Eldercare Locator connects older Americans and their caregivers with trustworthy local support resources, including free legal aid for many older adults ."}, {"heading_path": ["Still having trouble with debt collection?"], "anchor": "still-having-trouble-with-debt-collection", "text": "Companies can usually answer questions unique to your situation and more specific to the products and services they offer. If you have a complaint, tell us about your issue—we’ll forward your issue to the company, give you a tracking number, and keep you updated on the status of your complaint.\n\nLearn how the complaint process works"}]}
{"id": "6547a2e91effc72e", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-creditor-refer-my-account-to-collection-agency-before-debt-is-due-do-i-have-to-be-told-before-debt-turn-in-to-collections-en-1539/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-creditor-refer-my-account-to-collection-agency-before-debt-is-due-do-i-have-to-be-told-before-debt-turn-in-to-collections-en-1539/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a creditor refer my account to a collection agency before my debt is due? Do I have to be told before a debt is turned in to collections?", "description": "While the creditor does not have to tell you before sending your account to a debt collector, usually they will try and collect the debt from you before sending to a collector.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2022-08-24", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:29Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:47Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:47Z", "word_count": 271, "char_count": 1552, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.033, "quality_score": 0.73, "content_hash": "bdf040e5e1a21b7ae841784b14919b7c233e622f3d640e0f2fa9b5a0444225a8", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "While the creditor does not have to tell you before sending your account to a debt collector, usually they will try and collect the debt from you before sending to a collector.\n\nSometimes collection agencies manage the entire account receivables process for a creditor, so it is possible for your account to be referred to a collector before your debt is due. However, it is rare that you would receive collection calls before a debt is due. If the collection agency is managing the account receivables for a creditor, they may call to advise you of payment terms, due dates, etc., but they should not ask you for early payment. You should receive a statement before you are asked to make a payment. Generally, the creditor does not have to tell you before it sends your debt to a debt collector, but a creditor usually will try to collect the debt from you before sending it to a collector.\n\nWith mortgage loans, usually the company servicing your mortgage loan is also the company that will contact you to collect the payment if your loan becomes delinquent. If your mortgage servicer changes, both your old and new servicers must notify you of the transfer. The company transferring the servicing rights must provide you with a notice not less than 15 days before the effective date of the transfer and your new servicer must deliver a transfer notice not more than 15 days after the effective transfer date. If the two notices are combined, then the combined notice must be delivered to you not less than 15 days before the effective transfer date.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "While the creditor does not have to tell you before sending your account to a debt collector, usually they will try and collect the debt from you before sending to a collector.\n\nSometimes collection agencies manage the entire account receivables process for a creditor, so it is possible for your account to be referred to a collector before your debt is due. However, it is rare that you would receive collection calls before a debt is due. If the collection agency is managing the account receivables for a creditor, they may call to advise you of payment terms, due dates, etc., but they should not ask you for early payment. You should receive a statement before you are asked to make a payment. Generally, the creditor does not have to tell you before it sends your debt to a debt collector, but a creditor usually will try to collect the debt from you before sending it to a collector.\n\nWith mortgage loans, usually the company servicing your mortgage loan is also the company that will contact you to collect the payment if your loan becomes delinquent. If your mortgage servicer changes, both your old and new servicers must notify you of the transfer. The company transferring the servicing rights must provide you with a notice not less than 15 days before the effective date of the transfer and your new servicer must deliver a transfer notice not more than 15 days after the effective transfer date. If the two notices are combined, then the combined notice must be delivered to you not less than 15 days before the effective transfer date."}]}
{"id": "287dc388e0d1fed9", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-contact-me-about-a-debt-after-a-divorce-en-1413/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-contact-me-about-a-debt-after-a-divorce-en-1413/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a debt collector contact me about a debt after a divorce?", "description": "Your responsibility for a debt depends on your state’s laws and the original loan or credit agreement.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-04-14", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:44Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:02Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:02Z", "word_count": 300, "char_count": 1784, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.097, "quality_score": 0.72, "content_hash": "334c558a7f6a70eacc45aad79978b26bed87ced756a2e7f45cbfcda7cc50e8a0", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A debt collector can generally contact you about a debt if your name is still on the debt or loan agreement, or if you’re otherwise still legally responsible for it. Check your state law and original loan or credit agreement.\n\nDivorce changes the relationship between spouses, but it doesn’t automatically change their relationship with creditors. A divorce decree or property settlement may allocate debts to a specific spouse, but it doesn’t change the fact that a creditor can still collect from anyone whose name appears as a borrower on the loan or debt.\n\nWhile state laws vary, you are generally responsible for a debt unless you were contractually released by the creditor or your former spouse refinanced the loan and removed your name. This applies to any loans or debts you owed jointly with your former spouse, such as auto loans, mortgage loans, personal loans, medical bills, or utilities.\n\nFor credit cards, you’re responsible for the debt if you had a joint credit card account, but if you were only an “authorized user” on your former spouse’s account, you’re generally not responsible for the amount owed. Learn how to be removed or have someone removed from the joint credit card account.\n\nKeep in mind, taking your name off a home or vehicle title doesn’t take your name off the mortgage or auto loan and sending creditors a copy of your divorce decree doesn’t end your responsibility on a joint account. If your divorce decree provided that your former spouse was responsible for the debt, or if you have other questions about your responsibility for a debt incurred before or during your marriage, contact your divorce attorney for advice or find an attorney in your state.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector can generally contact you about a debt if your name is still on the debt or loan agreement, or if you’re otherwise still legally responsible for it. Check your state law and original loan or credit agreement.\n\nDivorce changes the relationship between spouses, but it doesn’t automatically change their relationship with creditors. A divorce decree or property settlement may allocate debts to a specific spouse, but it doesn’t change the fact that a creditor can still collect from anyone whose name appears as a borrower on the loan or debt.\n\nWhile state laws vary, you are generally responsible for a debt unless you were contractually released by the creditor or your former spouse refinanced the loan and removed your name. This applies to any loans or debts you owed jointly with your former spouse, such as auto loans, mortgage loans, personal loans, medical bills, or utilities.\n\nFor credit cards, you’re responsible for the debt if you had a joint credit card account, but if you were only an “authorized user” on your former spouse’s account, you’re generally not responsible for the amount owed. Learn how to be removed or have someone removed from the joint credit card account.\n\nKeep in mind, taking your name off a home or vehicle title doesn’t take your name off the mortgage or auto loan and sending creditors a copy of your divorce decree doesn’t end your responsibility on a joint account. If your divorce decree provided that your former spouse was responsible for the debt, or if you have other questions about your responsibility for a debt incurred before or during your marriage, contact your divorce attorney for advice or find an attorney in your state.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "42496fdfbd309927", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-contact-me-about-a-deceased-relatives-debts-en-1469/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-contact-me-about-a-deceased-relatives-debts-en-1469/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a debt collector contact me about a deceased relative’s debts?", "description": "Generally, no one else has to pay back debts for a person who has died. There are some exceptions that vary by state.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-10-19", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:27Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:45Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:45Z", "word_count": 320, "char_count": 1781, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.033, "quality_score": 0.78, "content_hash": "13aed6fe25c66bffecca37cedba621c6a0a46ec0f27e6af9fb4a8d0653a3d4c5", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Generally, no one else has to pay back debts for a person who has died. There are some exceptions that vary by state.\n\nWhen someone dies with an unpaid debt, it should be paid from any money or property they left behind, according to state law. This is called their estate. If there is no money or property left in an estate, or the estate can’t pay, then the debt generally goes unpaid. For example, when state law requires the estate to pay survivors first, there might not be any money left over to pay debts.\n\nFor relatives who are not executors or administrators of the estate\n\nYou do not have to take responsibility for debts owed by a deceased person. You do not need to pay their debt, unless one of the situations below describes you:\n\n- You are a co-signer on the person’s loan\n\n- You are a joint account holder on a credit card (not just an “authorized user” on the account)\n\n- You are the spouse of the person, and your state law requires a spouse to pay the debt\n\nDebt collectors can contact you to try and locate the executor or administrator of the estate, but they should not discuss or mention the debt to you. You might want to tell the debt collector who the executor is. Debt collectors cannot use unfair, deceptive, or abusive practices to get you to take responsibility for a debt.\n\nFor relatives who are acting as the estate’s executor or administrator\n\nIf you are the executor or administrator of the deceased person’s estate, debt collectors can contact you to discuss the deceased person's debts. Debt collectors are not allowed to say or hint that you are responsible for paying the debts with your own money.\n\nYou have the right to tell a debt collector to stop contacting you\n\nSee additional resources about your rights in dealing with debt collection.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Generally, no one else has to pay back debts for a person who has died. There are some exceptions that vary by state.\n\nWhen someone dies with an unpaid debt, it should be paid from any money or property they left behind, according to state law. This is called their estate. If there is no money or property left in an estate, or the estate can’t pay, then the debt generally goes unpaid. For example, when state law requires the estate to pay survivors first, there might not be any money left over to pay debts."}, {"heading_path": ["For relatives who are not executors or administrators of the estate"], "anchor": null, "text": "You do not have to take responsibility for debts owed by a deceased person. You do not need to pay their debt, unless one of the situations below describes you:\n\n- You are a co-signer on the person’s loan\n\n- You are a joint account holder on a credit card (not just an “authorized user” on the account)\n\n- You are the spouse of the person, and your state law requires a spouse to pay the debt\n\nDebt collectors can contact you to try and locate the executor or administrator of the estate, but they should not discuss or mention the debt to you. You might want to tell the debt collector who the executor is. Debt collectors cannot use unfair, deceptive, or abusive practices to get you to take responsibility for a debt."}, {"heading_path": ["For relatives who are acting as the estate’s executor or administrator"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you are the executor or administrator of the deceased person’s estate, debt collectors can contact you to discuss the deceased person's debts. Debt collectors are not allowed to say or hint that you are responsible for paying the debts with your own money."}, {"heading_path": ["You have the right to tell a debt collector to stop contacting you"], "anchor": null, "text": "See additional resources about your rights in dealing with debt collection."}]}
{"id": "c0051299d72637eb", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-contact-me-through-social-media-en-2112/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-contact-me-through-social-media-en-2112/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a debt collector contact me through social media?", "description": "Debt collectors can contact you on social media, but they must follow certain rules and tell you how you can opt out of social media communications.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-08-27", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:40Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:58Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:58Z", "word_count": 230, "char_count": 1323, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.055, "quality_score": 0.67, "content_hash": "b8ffa979e6e935a45c8b6e49c011225b152e2bd0776c9f08af5d053011a77f5d", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A debt collector can contact you on social media, but they must follow certain rules and tell you how you can opt out of social media communications.\n\nThe message must be private.\n\nA debt collector can only communicate with you on social media platforms about a debt if the message is private. A debt collector cannot contact you on social media about a debt if the message is viewable by the general public or viewable by your friends, contacts, or followers on the platform. This would include your publicly visible profile page or any part of the platform where other people can see the message.\n\nThe debt collector must identify themself.\n\nIf a debt collector attempts to send you a private message requesting to add you as a friend or contact, the debt collector must identify themself as a debt collector.\n\nThey must include a way for you to stop receiving messages from them.\n\nEven when a debt collector properly identifies themself in a private social media message, they must give you a simple way to opt out of receiving further communications from them on that social media platform.\n\nLearn more about what to do if a debt collector contacts you, and the rules they must follow.\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372).", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector can contact you on social media, but they must follow certain rules and tell you how you can opt out of social media communications.\n\nThe message must be private.\n\nA debt collector can only communicate with you on social media platforms about a debt if the message is private. A debt collector cannot contact you on social media about a debt if the message is viewable by the general public or viewable by your friends, contacts, or followers on the platform. This would include your publicly visible profile page or any part of the platform where other people can see the message.\n\nThe debt collector must identify themself.\n\nIf a debt collector attempts to send you a private message requesting to add you as a friend or contact, the debt collector must identify themself as a debt collector.\n\nThey must include a way for you to stop receiving messages from them.\n\nEven when a debt collector properly identifies themself in a private social media message, they must give you a simple way to opt out of receiving further communications from them on that social media platform.\n\nLearn more about what to do if a debt collector contacts you, and the rules they must follow.\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372)."}]}
{"id": "a99dd4226acaa869", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-increase-the-interest-rate-on-a-debt-i-owe-en-1417/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-increase-the-interest-rate-on-a-debt-i-owe-en-1417/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a debt collector increase the interest rate on a debt I owe?", "description": "A debt collector may not collect any interest or fee not authorized by the agreement or by law.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2022-09-14", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:19Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:37Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:37Z", "word_count": 176, "char_count": 973, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.013, "quality_score": 0.63, "content_hash": "67daff1c6107a9920d470655769f877ec71b1b40d6c17faf26a3c9545321effe", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A debt collector may not collect any interest or fee not authorized by the agreement or by law.\n\nThe interest rate or fees charged on your debt may be increased if your original loan or credit agreement permits it and no law prohibits the increase, or if state law expressly permits the interest or fee. Some state laws and some contracts allow interest to be charged and costs to be added. If you still have the contract, it may say what interest rate can be charged or how much it can increase. State law may also limit the amount of interest charged.\n\nThe CFPB has prepared sample letters that a consumer could use to respond to a debt collector. These letters include tips on how to use them. The sample letters may help you to get information. You can use one of the sample letters to request information about why the interest rate was increased. Another sample letter is to stop or limit any further communication. Always keep a copy of your letter for your records.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector may not collect any interest or fee not authorized by the agreement or by law.\n\nThe interest rate or fees charged on your debt may be increased if your original loan or credit agreement permits it and no law prohibits the increase, or if state law expressly permits the interest or fee. Some state laws and some contracts allow interest to be charged and costs to be added. If you still have the contract, it may say what interest rate can be charged or how much it can increase. State law may also limit the amount of interest charged.\n\nThe CFPB has prepared sample letters that a consumer could use to respond to a debt collector. These letters include tips on how to use them. The sample letters may help you to get information. You can use one of the sample letters to request information about why the interest rate was increased. Another sample letter is to stop or limit any further communication. Always keep a copy of your letter for your records."}]}
{"id": "1ff517b17d3b36dc", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-still-collect-a-debt-after-ive-disputed-it-en-338/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-still-collect-a-debt-after-ive-disputed-it-en-338/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a debt collector still collect a debt after I’ve disputed it?", "description": "A debt collector must stop collection if you dispute the debt in writing within 30 days. Collection can resume after they send verification of the debt.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-12-09", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:39Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:57Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:57Z", "word_count": 422, "char_count": 2464, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.174, "quality_score": 0.81, "content_hash": "9d19bb7e6a9cae6c504e4651b2e62956cf5fbe425cc0f8564b273da3b5cf54c3", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A debt collector must stop all collection activity on a debt if you send them a written dispute about the debt, generally within 30 days after your initial communication with them. Collection activities can restart, though, after the debt collector sends verification responding to the dispute.\n\nYou should dispute a debt if you believe you don’t owe it or the information and amount is incorrect.\n\nWhile you can submit your dispute at any time, sending it in writing within 30 days of receiving a validation notice, which can be your initial communication with the debt collector, requires them to stop their collection activity until they’ve sent you a verification that responds to your dispute.\n\nAfter they’ve sent you verification of the debt, the collector can continue to contact you unless you take other actions, such as telling them in writing to stop or by taking other legal action. If you still disagree about whether a debt is yours or whether the information or amount is accurate, you may continue to dispute the debt with the debt collector.\n\nIf you find the disputed debt on your credit report, you can also dispute it with the credit reporting companies. You can consider contacting a lawyer that specializes in debt collection cases if you don’t believe you can resolve the issue with the debt collector or credit reporting companies. If you win your lawsuit, you can recover lawyer fees and other court costs.\n\nWhy should I keep a record of my contact with a debt collector?\n\nIf you’re being contacted by a debt collector, it’s important to keep a record of any letters, documents, or communications they send to you. Write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you’re disputing the debt, meeting with a lawyer, or going to court.\n\nAlso, be careful what you say to a debt collector because they will keep records as well. They can track any information you provide, including personal information or if you apologize or admit to owing the debt. Those statements could be used against you.\n\nWe have sample letters to help you respond to a debt collector, along with tips on how to use them. The sample letters may help you to get information, set limits on or stop any further communication, or exercise some of your rights.\n\nIf you believe a debt collector is harassing you, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB. You can also contact your state's attorney general .", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector must stop all collection activity on a debt if you send them a written dispute about the debt, generally within 30 days after your initial communication with them. Collection activities can restart, though, after the debt collector sends verification responding to the dispute.\n\nYou should dispute a debt if you believe you don’t owe it or the information and amount is incorrect.\n\nWhile you can submit your dispute at any time, sending it in writing within 30 days of receiving a validation notice, which can be your initial communication with the debt collector, requires them to stop their collection activity until they’ve sent you a verification that responds to your dispute.\n\nAfter they’ve sent you verification of the debt, the collector can continue to contact you unless you take other actions, such as telling them in writing to stop or by taking other legal action. If you still disagree about whether a debt is yours or whether the information or amount is accurate, you may continue to dispute the debt with the debt collector.\n\nIf you find the disputed debt on your credit report, you can also dispute it with the credit reporting companies. You can consider contacting a lawyer that specializes in debt collection cases if you don’t believe you can resolve the issue with the debt collector or credit reporting companies. If you win your lawsuit, you can recover lawyer fees and other court costs."}, {"heading_path": ["Why should I keep a record of my contact with a debt collector?"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you’re being contacted by a debt collector, it’s important to keep a record of any letters, documents, or communications they send to you. Write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you’re disputing the debt, meeting with a lawyer, or going to court.\n\nAlso, be careful what you say to a debt collector because they will keep records as well. They can track any information you provide, including personal information or if you apologize or admit to owing the debt. Those statements could be used against you.\n\nWe have sample letters to help you respond to a debt collector, along with tips on how to use them. The sample letters may help you to get information, set limits on or stop any further communication, or exercise some of your rights.\n\nIf you believe a debt collector is harassing you, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB. You can also contact your state's attorney general ."}]}
{"id": "2c20a93742caf0ba", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-take-my-social-security-or-va-benefits-en-1157/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-take-my-social-security-or-va-benefits-en-1157/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a debt collector take my federal benefits, like Social Security or VA payments?", "description": "Before a debt collector can take Social Security or VA benefits, they must sue you and win a judgment against you for the amount you owe.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:32Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:50Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:50Z", "word_count": 787, "char_count": 4613, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.021, "quality_score": 0.99, "content_hash": "f36af41b621d4b74ef9b5decb0361cf64aee0be5d6d26839a7e6f90565a208e2", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Before a debt collector can take Social Security or VA benefits, they must sue you and win a judgment against you for the amount you owe. Then, the debt collector must get a court order that tells your bank or credit union to turn over money from your account or prepaid card. This is called garnishment.\n\nThe key to making sure your federal benefits are legally protected from being frozen or garnished is to use direct deposit to put the money into your account or prepaid card. You can sign up anytime to have federal benefits direct deposited to your bank account or loaded onto a prepaid card.\n\nAs long as I am using direct deposit, which federal benefits are protected?\n\nMoney you receive and direct deposit to your account or card from the following government programs is protected:\n\n- Social Security benefits\n\n- Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits\n\n- Veteran’s benefits\n\n- Civil service and federal retirement and disability benefits\n\n- Servicemember pay\n\n- Military annuities and survivor benefits\n\n- Federal student aid\n\n- Railroad retirement benefits\n\n- Financial assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)\n\nDoesn’t my bank or credit union have to protect two months’ worth of direct deposited benefits automatically?\n\nWhen your bank receives a court order to garnish money in your account, your bank must look at your account history to see if you received federal benefits by direct deposit in the last two months. Two months’ worth of benefits are protected and remain in your account for you to use.\n\n- For example: If you receive $1,000 in Social Security each month, your bank has records showing $2,000 in Social Security was direct deposited in the last two months. The bank must allow you to use up to $2,000 in the account.\n\n- However, if you receive Social Security or VA benefits by check and then deposit the check into your bank account, the bank does not have to protect two months’ worth of benefits in the account. This means that your entire account balance could be frozen and you’ll need to go to court to prove that it comes from protected federal benefits and should not be garnished.\n\nThe debt collector is permitted to garnish money in your account that is over two months’ worth of benefits. If your account has more than two months’ worth of benefits, your bank can garnish or freeze the extra money.\n\n- For example: If you receive $1,000 in Social Security benefits by direct deposit each month, and you have $3,000 in your account, the bank can turn over $1,000 of the $3,000 to a debt collector. The bank must give you access to the remaining $2,000 so you can continue to pay bills and withdraw cash as usual.\n\n- The bank is allowed to charge you a processing fee for the garnishment in this situation.\n\nHowever, if the extra money is also exempt from garnishment under federal or state law, you may be able to go to court to have your money released.\n\nCan my benefits be garnished to pay my government debts, child support, or spousal support?\n\nSocial Security and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) can sometimes be garnished to pay money you owe to the government, such as back taxes or federal student loans, and money you owe for child or spousal support.\n\nSome benefits, such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI), are protected from garnishment – even to pay a government debt or child or spousal support.\n\nUsing the courts to release money after garnishment\n\nIf your bank garnishes or freezes money in your account, you must be sent a notice of garnishment. The notice explains the court procedures for claiming exemptions from garnishment and getting your money released.\n\nA judge decides whether your money should be turned over to the debt collector, based on factors such as the source of your income and any federal or state exemptions.\n\nIt is very important for the judge to know that your money comes from Social Security, SSI, VA, or other federal or state benefits before the judge decides whether your money should be turned over to the debt collector. You should notify the court, the bank, and the person or business that is garnishing your account immediately in writing, and seek help from a lawyer .\n\nConsider finding legal help in your state\n\nYou may qualify for free legal help. You can find your local legal services program or attorney referral program here .\n\nThe Eldercare Locator connects older Americans and their caregivers with trustworthy local support resources, including free legal aid for many older adults. You can use the Eldercare Locator to find services in your area or call 1-800-677-1116.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Before a debt collector can take Social Security or VA benefits, they must sue you and win a judgment against you for the amount you owe. Then, the debt collector must get a court order that tells your bank or credit union to turn over money from your account or prepaid card. This is called garnishment.\n\nThe key to making sure your federal benefits are legally protected from being frozen or garnished is to use direct deposit to put the money into your account or prepaid card. You can sign up anytime to have federal benefits direct deposited to your bank account or loaded onto a prepaid card."}, {"heading_path": ["As long as I am using direct deposit, which federal benefits are protected?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Money you receive and direct deposit to your account or card from the following government programs is protected:\n\n- Social Security benefits\n\n- Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits\n\n- Veteran’s benefits\n\n- Civil service and federal retirement and disability benefits\n\n- Servicemember pay\n\n- Military annuities and survivor benefits\n\n- Federal student aid\n\n- Railroad retirement benefits\n\n- Financial assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)"}, {"heading_path": ["Doesn’t my bank or credit union have to protect two months’ worth of direct deposited benefits automatically?"], "anchor": null, "text": "When your bank receives a court order to garnish money in your account, your bank must look at your account history to see if you received federal benefits by direct deposit in the last two months. Two months’ worth of benefits are protected and remain in your account for you to use.\n\n- For example: If you receive $1,000 in Social Security each month, your bank has records showing $2,000 in Social Security was direct deposited in the last two months. The bank must allow you to use up to $2,000 in the account.\n\n- However, if you receive Social Security or VA benefits by check and then deposit the check into your bank account, the bank does not have to protect two months’ worth of benefits in the account. This means that your entire account balance could be frozen and you’ll need to go to court to prove that it comes from protected federal benefits and should not be garnished.\n\nThe debt collector is permitted to garnish money in your account that is over two months’ worth of benefits. If your account has more than two months’ worth of benefits, your bank can garnish or freeze the extra money.\n\n- For example: If you receive $1,000 in Social Security benefits by direct deposit each month, and you have $3,000 in your account, the bank can turn over $1,000 of the $3,000 to a debt collector. The bank must give you access to the remaining $2,000 so you can continue to pay bills and withdraw cash as usual.\n\n- The bank is allowed to charge you a processing fee for the garnishment in this situation.\n\nHowever, if the extra money is also exempt from garnishment under federal or state law, you may be able to go to court to have your money released."}, {"heading_path": ["Can my benefits be garnished to pay my government debts, child support, or spousal support?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Social Security and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) can sometimes be garnished to pay money you owe to the government, such as back taxes or federal student loans, and money you owe for child or spousal support.\n\nSome benefits, such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI), are protected from garnishment – even to pay a government debt or child or spousal support."}, {"heading_path": ["Using the courts to release money after garnishment"], "anchor": "using-the-courts-to-release-money-after-garnishment", "text": "If your bank garnishes or freezes money in your account, you must be sent a notice of garnishment. The notice explains the court procedures for claiming exemptions from garnishment and getting your money released.\n\nA judge decides whether your money should be turned over to the debt collector, based on factors such as the source of your income and any federal or state exemptions.\n\nIt is very important for the judge to know that your money comes from Social Security, SSI, VA, or other federal or state benefits before the judge decides whether your money should be turned over to the debt collector. You should notify the court, the bank, and the person or business that is garnishing your account immediately in writing, and seek help from a lawyer ."}, {"heading_path": ["Consider finding legal help in your state"], "anchor": "consider-finding-legal-help-in-your-state", "text": "You may qualify for free legal help. You can find your local legal services program or attorney referral program here .\n\nThe Eldercare Locator connects older Americans and their caregivers with trustworthy local support resources, including free legal aid for many older adults. You can use the Eldercare Locator to find services in your area or call 1-800-677-1116."}]}
{"id": "9887be9f98c4f0f5", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-take-or-garnish-my-wages-or-benefits-en-1439/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-take-or-garnish-my-wages-or-benefits-en-1439/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a debt collector take or garnish my wages or benefits?", "description": "Debt collectors can sometimes garnish wages, benefits, or money in a bank account. State and federal laws protect some wages, benefits, and money so you have enough to live on.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-08-02", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:21Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:39Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:39Z", "word_count": 637, "char_count": 3836, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.072, "quality_score": 0.96, "content_hash": "6556d427d06e9b8493110a0289be0d6663de4eab50eaa80049b092405e56024c", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If a court issues a judgment saying that you owe a debt, it could allow the creditor to garnish your wages or certain benefits to pay it off. State and federal laws limit how much a creditor can garnish from your wages. They also limit how much a creditor can garnish from an account where your benefits are deposited, or protect a minimum amount in your bank account from levies even if you don’t receive federal benefits.\n\nMost creditors can only garnish wages or benefits after a court issues a judgment saying that you owe the debt and that the creditor can garnish your wages or benefits to satisfy the debt. A garnishment order generally allows a creditor to garnish the amount in the judgment, as well as additional interest, fees, or costs of collection.\n\nExemptions protect wages, benefits, and money from garnishment\n\nFederal and state laws set exemptions or limitations to protect your wages, benefits, or money in a bank account to make sure you have something left to live on.\n\nFederal exemptions\n\nFederal law generally protects some earned wages from garnishment. You can learn about this protection from the U.S. Department of Labor .\n\nBanks must protect certain federal benefits from being frozen or garnished if they’re directly deposited into your banking account. The bank must review your account and protect two months’ worth of direct-deposited benefits before freezing or garnishing any money in the account. You may also claim this federal exemption for up to two months’ worth of federal benefits if you deposit them by check. Learn how to claim exemptions at LawHelp.org .\n\nFederal benefits covered by this rule generally include:\n\n- Social Security\n\n- Supplemental Security Income\n\n- Veterans’ benefits\n\n- Federal Railroad payments for retirement, unemployment, and sickness\n\n- Civil Service Retirement (CSR) payments\n\n- Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) payments\n\nState exemptions\n\nState exemptions may also protect some wages or property – such as money in a bank account – from garnishment. You can find out how much your state protects from garnishment and learn how to claim exemptions at LawHelp.org .\n\nExceptions for debt to federal or state government agencies\n\nFederal and state agencies can sometimes garnish your paycheck, benefits, or money in a bank account without a court order. Here are some examples:\n\n- Federal agencies like the Internal Revenue Service or the Department of Education can take up to 15 percent of your Social Security or Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits.\n\n- States can generally garnish wages or money in a bank account to pay child support.\n\nHow to get legal help\n\nIn some cases, people may become unaware that their wages or benefits have been garnished when funds are frozen or removed from their account. If you’ve had a lawsuit filed against you by a debt collector, it’s important not to ignore it because it could result in a judgment against you if you don’t appear in court.\n\nAn attorney experienced in consumer law or debt collection can help you understand your state and federal rights, and help you claim federal or state protections for your paycheck, benefits, or money in a bank account. Some consumer attorneys can represent you if a debt collector takes you to court for an unpaid debt. They may also help you negotiate a settlement or work out a repayment plan with the debt collector.\n\nHere are several ways you can find a lawyer to help you with a debt:\n\n- Get referrals from the American Bar Association website or your state bar association\n\n- Identify state-based legal aid programs for low-income consumers\n\n- Consult your local JAG office if you’re a servicemember\n\nIf you're having trouble with a debt collector or believe your benefits or wages have been improperly garnished, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If a court issues a judgment saying that you owe a debt, it could allow the creditor to garnish your wages or certain benefits to pay it off. State and federal laws limit how much a creditor can garnish from your wages. They also limit how much a creditor can garnish from an account where your benefits are deposited, or protect a minimum amount in your bank account from levies even if you don’t receive federal benefits.\n\nMost creditors can only garnish wages or benefits after a court issues a judgment saying that you owe the debt and that the creditor can garnish your wages or benefits to satisfy the debt. A garnishment order generally allows a creditor to garnish the amount in the judgment, as well as additional interest, fees, or costs of collection."}, {"heading_path": ["Exemptions protect wages, benefits, and money from garnishment"], "anchor": null, "text": "Federal and state laws set exemptions or limitations to protect your wages, benefits, or money in a bank account to make sure you have something left to live on."}, {"heading_path": ["Exemptions protect wages, benefits, and money from garnishment", "Federal exemptions"], "anchor": null, "text": "Federal law generally protects some earned wages from garnishment. You can learn about this protection from the U.S. Department of Labor .\n\nBanks must protect certain federal benefits from being frozen or garnished if they’re directly deposited into your banking account. The bank must review your account and protect two months’ worth of direct-deposited benefits before freezing or garnishing any money in the account. You may also claim this federal exemption for up to two months’ worth of federal benefits if you deposit them by check. Learn how to claim exemptions at LawHelp.org .\n\nFederal benefits covered by this rule generally include:\n\n- Social Security\n\n- Supplemental Security Income\n\n- Veterans’ benefits\n\n- Federal Railroad payments for retirement, unemployment, and sickness\n\n- Civil Service Retirement (CSR) payments\n\n- Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) payments"}, {"heading_path": ["Exemptions protect wages, benefits, and money from garnishment", "State exemptions"], "anchor": null, "text": "State exemptions may also protect some wages or property – such as money in a bank account – from garnishment. You can find out how much your state protects from garnishment and learn how to claim exemptions at LawHelp.org ."}, {"heading_path": ["Exemptions protect wages, benefits, and money from garnishment", "Exceptions for debt to federal or state government agencies"], "anchor": null, "text": "Federal and state agencies can sometimes garnish your paycheck, benefits, or money in a bank account without a court order. Here are some examples:\n\n- Federal agencies like the Internal Revenue Service or the Department of Education can take up to 15 percent of your Social Security or Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits.\n\n- States can generally garnish wages or money in a bank account to pay child support."}, {"heading_path": ["How to get legal help"], "anchor": null, "text": "In some cases, people may become unaware that their wages or benefits have been garnished when funds are frozen or removed from their account. If you’ve had a lawsuit filed against you by a debt collector, it’s important not to ignore it because it could result in a judgment against you if you don’t appear in court.\n\nAn attorney experienced in consumer law or debt collection can help you understand your state and federal rights, and help you claim federal or state protections for your paycheck, benefits, or money in a bank account. Some consumer attorneys can represent you if a debt collector takes you to court for an unpaid debt. They may also help you negotiate a settlement or work out a repayment plan with the debt collector.\n\nHere are several ways you can find a lawyer to help you with a debt:\n\n- Get referrals from the American Bar Association website or your state bar association\n\n- Identify state-based legal aid programs for low-income consumers\n\n- Consult your local JAG office if you’re a servicemember\n\nIf you're having trouble with a debt collector or believe your benefits or wages have been improperly garnished, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "4a079fa000ecfada", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-try-to-collect-on-a-debt-that-was-discharged-in-bankruptcy-en-1425/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-a-debt-collector-try-to-collect-on-a-debt-that-was-discharged-in-bankruptcy-en-1425/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can a debt collector try to collect on a debt that was discharged in bankruptcy?", "description": "Debt collectors cannot try to collect on debts that were discharged in bankruptcy. Also, if you file for bankruptcy, debt collectors are not allowed to continue collection activities while the bankruptcy case is pending in court.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2022-08-24", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:20Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:38Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:38Z", "word_count": 280, "char_count": 1662, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.031, "quality_score": 0.74, "content_hash": "5d92b54466c16a7e079a51e76429e1aaf3083e3dd38810b3fbeec101a9a20137", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Debt collectors cannot try to collect on debts that were discharged in bankruptcy. Also, if you file for bankruptcy, debt collectors are not allowed to continue collection activities while the bankruptcy case is pending in court.\n\nIf a debt collector calls and you have filed for bankruptcy, tell the debt collector. You should also be sure the debt is in your list of debts and creditors filed with the bankruptcy court. If you are represented by an attorney for your bankruptcy, you should let the debt collector know this. Then the debt collector must contact the attorney instead of you while the bankruptcy is pending. You should also let your attorney know that you have been contacted by a debt collector. Once the debt is discharged by the bankruptcy court, the discharge permanently bars the creditor or debt collector from collection of the debt. Filing for bankruptcy can have long-term consequences so consult a bankruptcy attorney to learn more.\n\nIt is important to recognize that lenders often have a right to repossess the collateral. For example, auto loan lenders generally have a right to repossess the vehicle after default. If so, then the lender may still have that right after the bankruptcy discharge, if that debt is unpaid. If you have a bankruptcy lawyer, you might want to get advice from your lawyer about repossession.\n\nWe have prepared sample letters that a consumer could use to respond to a debt collector who is trying to collect a debt that you no longer owe due to a bankruptcy discharge. Additionally, the sample letters may help you to get information, stop or limit any further communication, or protect some of your rights.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Debt collectors cannot try to collect on debts that were discharged in bankruptcy. Also, if you file for bankruptcy, debt collectors are not allowed to continue collection activities while the bankruptcy case is pending in court.\n\nIf a debt collector calls and you have filed for bankruptcy, tell the debt collector. You should also be sure the debt is in your list of debts and creditors filed with the bankruptcy court. If you are represented by an attorney for your bankruptcy, you should let the debt collector know this. Then the debt collector must contact the attorney instead of you while the bankruptcy is pending. You should also let your attorney know that you have been contacted by a debt collector. Once the debt is discharged by the bankruptcy court, the discharge permanently bars the creditor or debt collector from collection of the debt. Filing for bankruptcy can have long-term consequences so consult a bankruptcy attorney to learn more.\n\nIt is important to recognize that lenders often have a right to repossess the collateral. For example, auto loan lenders generally have a right to repossess the vehicle after default. If so, then the lender may still have that right after the bankruptcy discharge, if that debt is unpaid. If you have a bankruptcy lawyer, you might want to get advice from your lawyer about repossession.\n\nWe have prepared sample letters that a consumer could use to respond to a debt collector who is trying to collect a debt that you no longer owe due to a bankruptcy discharge. Additionally, the sample letters may help you to get information, stop or limit any further communication, or protect some of your rights."}]}
{"id": "a89696d2b8e50f95", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-debt-collectors-collect-a-debt-thats-several-years-old-en-1423/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-debt-collectors-collect-a-debt-thats-several-years-old-en-1423/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can debt collectors collect a debt that’s several years old?", "description": "Understand statutes of limitations, how they affect legal action, and your rights under the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:45Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:03Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:03Z", "word_count": 490, "char_count": 2775, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.055, "quality_score": 0.96, "content_hash": "9ec19ea638d85ca3c734a8f1c9c2e6007ca85fbc92ae52a9201323ef25e9a2b2", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A debt doesn’t generally expire or disappear until its paid, but in many states, there may be a time limit on how long creditors or debt collectors can use legal action to collect a debt.\n\nIn many states, statutes of limitations are in place to prevent creditors and debt collectors from using legal action to collect on an older debt. Some debts, though, such as federal student loans don’t have a statute of limitations.\n\nMost states or jurisdictions have statutes of limitations between three and six years for debts, but some may be longer. This may also vary depending, for instance, on the:\n\n- Type of debt\n\n- State where you live\n\n- State law named in your credit agreement\n\nIf you’re sued by a debt collector and the debt is too old, you may have a defense to the lawsuit. In addition, you may have a claim against the collector for violating the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, which prohibits suing or threatening to sue for a time-barred debt.\n\nWhen does the statute of limitations period begin?\n\nIn some states, the statute of limitations period begins once a required payment is missed. In other states, the period of time counts from when the most recent payment was made, even if that payment was made during collection.\n\nKeep in mind that making a partial payment or acknowledging you owe an old debt, even after the statute of limitations expired, may restart the time period. It may also be affected by terms in the contract with the creditor or if you moved to a state where the laws differ.\n\nTo calculate the statute of limitations for your debt, you may want to consult with a lawyer.\n\nCan a debt collector collect debts or sue me after the statute of limitations expires?\n\nIn most states, debt collectors can still attempt to collect debts after the statute of limitations expires. They can try to get you to pay the debt by sending you letters or calling you as long as they do not violate the law when doing so. They can’t sue or threaten to sue you if the statute of limitations has passed. However, this prohibition doesn’t extend to proofs of claim that are filed in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding.\n\nA lawsuit filed after the statute of limitations expires is a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, but a court may still award a judgment against you if you don’t show up and raise the statute of limitations as a defense. Ordinarily, it’s the responsibility of the person being sued to point out that the statute of limitations has expired. For example, you may need to show that there has been no activity on the account for a certain number of years. Again, if you have questions about the law, consider consulting an attorney.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt doesn’t generally expire or disappear until its paid, but in many states, there may be a time limit on how long creditors or debt collectors can use legal action to collect a debt.\n\nIn many states, statutes of limitations are in place to prevent creditors and debt collectors from using legal action to collect on an older debt. Some debts, though, such as federal student loans don’t have a statute of limitations.\n\nMost states or jurisdictions have statutes of limitations between three and six years for debts, but some may be longer. This may also vary depending, for instance, on the:\n\n- Type of debt\n\n- State where you live\n\n- State law named in your credit agreement\n\nIf you’re sued by a debt collector and the debt is too old, you may have a defense to the lawsuit. In addition, you may have a claim against the collector for violating the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, which prohibits suing or threatening to sue for a time-barred debt."}, {"heading_path": ["When does the statute of limitations period begin?"], "anchor": null, "text": "In some states, the statute of limitations period begins once a required payment is missed. In other states, the period of time counts from when the most recent payment was made, even if that payment was made during collection.\n\nKeep in mind that making a partial payment or acknowledging you owe an old debt, even after the statute of limitations expired, may restart the time period. It may also be affected by terms in the contract with the creditor or if you moved to a state where the laws differ.\n\nTo calculate the statute of limitations for your debt, you may want to consult with a lawyer."}, {"heading_path": ["Can a debt collector collect debts or sue me after the statute of limitations expires?"], "anchor": null, "text": "In most states, debt collectors can still attempt to collect debts after the statute of limitations expires. They can try to get you to pay the debt by sending you letters or calling you as long as they do not violate the law when doing so. They can’t sue or threaten to sue you if the statute of limitations has passed. However, this prohibition doesn’t extend to proofs of claim that are filed in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding.\n\nA lawsuit filed after the statute of limitations expires is a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, but a court may still award a judgment against you if you don’t show up and raise the statute of limitations as a defense. Ordinarily, it’s the responsibility of the person being sued to point out that the statute of limitations has expired. For example, you may need to show that there has been no activity on the account for a certain number of years. Again, if you have questions about the law, consider consulting an attorney.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "8bb504620c139db0", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-debt-collectors-tell-other-people-like-family-friends-or-my-employer-about-my-debt-en-332/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-debt-collectors-tell-other-people-like-family-friends-or-my-employer-about-my-debt-en-332/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can debt collectors tell other people, like family, friends, or my employer, about my debt?", "description": "Debt collectors can’t disclose your debt to others. They can only contact others to find your address, phone number, or workplace. Learn your rights and limits.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-12-09", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:13Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:31Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:31Z", "word_count": 348, "char_count": 1950, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.028, "quality_score": 0.81, "content_hash": "b0d3efa5dc8c537c2e2b6751e7984543af9446e6ed3ac47788855adc859182b9", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "No. Under federal law, a debt collector may contact other people but generally only to find out how to contact you.\n\nWhat are the general limits on debt collection related contacts?\n\nThere are strict limits about what debt collectors can say or ask about you. A debt collector generally may only contact other people to find out:\n\n- Where you live\n\n- What your phone number is\n\n- Where you work\n\nDebt collectors usually can't contact people you know more than once and they can't say they're trying to collect on a debt. Generally, a debt collector can't discuss your debt with anyone other than:\n\n- You\n\n- Your spouse\n\n- Your parents (if you are a minor)\n\n- Your guardian, executor, or administrator\n\nYour attorney, if you are represented with respect to the debt\n\nIf the debt collector knows an attorney is representing you about the debt, the debt collector must contact the attorney instead of you. The debt collector may contact you if your attorney fails to respond to the collector within a reasonable period of time or your attorney agrees that the collector can contact you.\n\nCan debt collectors contact my place of employment?\n\n- Debt collectors may ask your employer for your address or telephone number.\n\n- If your employer does not allow you to receive personal calls at work you should let the debt collector know that.\n\n- If a debt collector knows that you are not allowed to receive the debt collector’s calls at work then the debt collector is not allowed to call you there.\n\nIf a debt collector calls your employer, you might want to talk to the person who took the call to find out what the debt collector said. A debt collector may not tell your employer that you owe a debt. If the debt collector has told your employer that you owe a debt, you may want to speak to an attorney about your rights.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372).", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "No. Under federal law, a debt collector may contact other people but generally only to find out how to contact you."}, {"heading_path": ["What are the general limits on debt collection related contacts?"], "anchor": null, "text": "There are strict limits about what debt collectors can say or ask about you. A debt collector generally may only contact other people to find out:\n\n- Where you live\n\n- What your phone number is\n\n- Where you work\n\nDebt collectors usually can't contact people you know more than once and they can't say they're trying to collect on a debt. Generally, a debt collector can't discuss your debt with anyone other than:\n\n- You\n\n- Your spouse\n\n- Your parents (if you are a minor)\n\n- Your guardian, executor, or administrator\n\nYour attorney, if you are represented with respect to the debt\n\nIf the debt collector knows an attorney is representing you about the debt, the debt collector must contact the attorney instead of you. The debt collector may contact you if your attorney fails to respond to the collector within a reasonable period of time or your attorney agrees that the collector can contact you."}, {"heading_path": ["Can debt collectors contact my place of employment?"], "anchor": null, "text": "- Debt collectors may ask your employer for your address or telephone number.\n\n- If your employer does not allow you to receive personal calls at work you should let the debt collector know that.\n\n- If a debt collector knows that you are not allowed to receive the debt collector’s calls at work then the debt collector is not allowed to call you there.\n\nIf a debt collector calls your employer, you might want to talk to the person who took the call to find out what the debt collector said. A debt collector may not tell your employer that you owe a debt. If the debt collector has told your employer that you owe a debt, you may want to speak to an attorney about your rights.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372)."}]}
{"id": "466530a13c04cf42", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-i-be-arrested-for-an-unpaid-debt-en-1537/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-i-be-arrested-for-an-unpaid-debt-en-1537/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can I be arrested for an unpaid debt?", "description": "A debt collector can’t have or threaten to have you arrested for an unpaid debt, but if a court finds you owe it and you fail to appear for a hearing, you could be arrested.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-04-14", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:28Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:46Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:46Z", "word_count": 342, "char_count": 1949, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.127, "quality_score": 0.75, "content_hash": "3303eb75ed1816fa16b5f9b2d51a99c3b2cd18de78a3820d6fa23cc83b0aa9ba", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A debt collector can’t threaten to or have you arrested for an unpaid debt. If you’re sued and you don’t comply with a court order, though, you could be arrested.\n\nIt’s a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) for a debt collector to have you arrested or claim that you’ll be arrested if you don’t pay a debt – this is harassment. However, they may file a lawsuit against you to collect the debt, and if the court orders you to appear or to provide certain information but you don’t comply, a judge may issue a warrant for your arrest.\n\nIn some cases, a judge may also issue a warrant if you don’t comply with a court-ordered installment plan. You should never ignore a court order.\n\nWhat protections and rights do I have in dealing with debt collectors?\n\nYou have certain rights and protections when being contacted by a debt collector. If you’re being harassed or feeling overwhelmed by their communications, you can ask a debt collector to stop contacting you.\n\nKeep in mind, though, that there’s certain information that legitimate debt collectors are required to provide to help you verify whether the debt is yours or if it’s a scam. Stopping communications also doesn’t mean the debt goes away, and depending on the circumstances and the collector, they can find other ways to collect, including filing a lawsuit against you.\n\nHow to find a lawyer to help with a debt\n\nA lawyer with experience in consumer law or debt collection can help you understand your state or federal rights. Also, if you’re working with an attorney, all of your communications can go through them if you let the collector know.\n\nThere are a number of ways to find a reputable lawyer in your area, including going through a local referral service or a state legal aid program if you’re unable to pay for legal support. Learn more about how to find a lawyer.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector can’t threaten to or have you arrested for an unpaid debt. If you’re sued and you don’t comply with a court order, though, you could be arrested.\n\nIt’s a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) for a debt collector to have you arrested or claim that you’ll be arrested if you don’t pay a debt – this is harassment. However, they may file a lawsuit against you to collect the debt, and if the court orders you to appear or to provide certain information but you don’t comply, a judge may issue a warrant for your arrest.\n\nIn some cases, a judge may also issue a warrant if you don’t comply with a court-ordered installment plan. You should never ignore a court order."}, {"heading_path": ["What protections and rights do I have in dealing with debt collectors?"], "anchor": null, "text": "You have certain rights and protections when being contacted by a debt collector. If you’re being harassed or feeling overwhelmed by their communications, you can ask a debt collector to stop contacting you.\n\nKeep in mind, though, that there’s certain information that legitimate debt collectors are required to provide to help you verify whether the debt is yours or if it’s a scam. Stopping communications also doesn’t mean the debt goes away, and depending on the circumstances and the collector, they can find other ways to collect, including filing a lawsuit against you."}, {"heading_path": ["How to find a lawyer to help with a debt"], "anchor": null, "text": "A lawyer with experience in consumer law or debt collection can help you understand your state or federal rights. Also, if you’re working with an attorney, all of your communications can go through them if you let the collector know.\n\nThere are a number of ways to find a reputable lawyer in your area, including going through a local referral service or a state legal aid program if you’re unable to pay for legal support. Learn more about how to find a lawyer.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "506978d90c072256", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-my-bank-or-credit-union-charge-me-a-fee-for-processing-a-garnishment-if-i-receive-social-security-or-va-benefits-en-1981/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/can-my-bank-or-credit-union-charge-me-a-fee-for-processing-a-garnishment-if-i-receive-social-security-or-va-benefits-en-1981/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Can my bank or credit union charge me a fee for garnishing my Social Security or VA benefits?", "description": "Yes, your bank or credit union can charge fees for processing garnishment payments if you have more than two months of social security or VA benefits in your account.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-06-27", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:50Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:08Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:08Z", "word_count": 261, "char_count": 1473, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.085, "quality_score": 0.68, "content_hash": "7ac38f465b3a48de3264fff6d33090de21f47a65851a5b6e28740a6da2a6d8b3", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "It depends. If you have more than two months’ worth of benefits in the account and the balance includes other money, then the bank can charge fees against the other money.\n\nTake your monthly Social Security or VA benefit and double it. Federal law protects this amount if your benefits have been deposited into your account for the last two months or longer.\n\nIf you have less than two months’ worth of Social Security or VA benefits in the account when your bank receives the garnishment order, then your bank can’t charge a garnishment fee — period.\n\nTIP:\n\nYou could lose this protection if you put other money in this account. If, within five business days of the garnishment, other money goes into the account and you have more than two months’ worth of benefits, the bank can collect a garnishment fee against the other money.\n\nIf you think your bank charged you a garnishment fee when it shouldn't have:\n\n- Call your bank and explain why you think the garnishment fee is wrong.\n\n- Consider seeking legal assistance. The Eldercare Locator , a public service of the U.S. Administration on aging, can refer you to a local agency that provides free legal help to seniors who qualify. You can also find a lawyer in your state.\n\n- You can also use our sample letter to tell a debt collector that you receive protected income from Social Security or VA benefits.\n\nIf you’re having issues working with your bank to resolve the issue, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "It depends. If you have more than two months’ worth of benefits in the account and the balance includes other money, then the bank can charge fees against the other money.\n\nTake your monthly Social Security or VA benefit and double it. Federal law protects this amount if your benefits have been deposited into your account for the last two months or longer.\n\nIf you have less than two months’ worth of Social Security or VA benefits in the account when your bank receives the garnishment order, then your bank can’t charge a garnishment fee — period.\n\nTIP:\n\nYou could lose this protection if you put other money in this account. If, within five business days of the garnishment, other money goes into the account and you have more than two months’ worth of benefits, the bank can collect a garnishment fee against the other money.\n\nIf you think your bank charged you a garnishment fee when it shouldn't have:\n\n- Call your bank and explain why you think the garnishment fee is wrong.\n\n- Consider seeking legal assistance. The Eldercare Locator , a public service of the U.S. Administration on aging, can refer you to a local agency that provides free legal help to seniors who qualify. You can also find a lawyer in your state.\n\n- You can also use our sample letter to tell a debt collector that you receive protected income from Social Security or VA benefits.\n\nIf you’re having issues working with your bank to resolve the issue, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "9aad14213ac9173b", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/does-a-persons-debt-go-away-when-they-die-en-1463/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/does-a-persons-debt-go-away-when-they-die-en-1463/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Does a person's debt go away when they die?", "description": "Money or property in the estate may go towards repaying the debt. If you’re a surviving family member or friend, don’t assume you’re responsible.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-15", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:25Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:43Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:43Z", "word_count": 733, "char_count": 4381, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.096, "quality_score": 0.94, "content_hash": "081ba32171aefd3ab27f19ab4b628e8c9efcdcbdc2b491ad23a1593ca1721582", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "When someone dies, their debts are generally paid out of the money or property left in the estate. If the estate can’t pay it and there’s no one who shared responsibility for the debt, it may go unpaid.\n\nGenerally, when a person dies, their money and property will go towards repaying their debt. If there’s no money in their estate, the debts will usually go unpaid.\n\nFor survivors of deceased loved ones, including spouses, you’re not responsible for their debts unless your situation falls into one of the specific circumstances listed above that would make you legally obligated for the debt.\n\nIf you’re not responsible for a debt, debt collectors may still contact you if you’re a surviving spouse or oversee the estate, but it’s illegal for debt collectors to suggest you’re responsible for paying from your own money. It’s also always illegal for them to harass you about paying the debt.\n\nWhen you may be responsible for someone else’s debt\n\nYou’re not typically responsible for repaying the debt of someone who’s died, unless:\n\n- You’re a co-signer on a loan with outstanding debt\n\n- You’re a joint account holder on a credit card. Note: this is different from an authorized user\n\n- You’re a surviving spouse and your state law requires spouses to pay a particular type of debt\n\n- You’re the executor or administrator of the deceased person’s estate and your state law requires executors or administrators to pay an outstanding bill out of property that was jointly owned by the surviving and deceased spouses\n\n- You’re a surviving spouse and you live in a community property state that requires surviving spouses to use jointly-held property to pay debts of a deceased spouse. These states include Alaska (if a special agreement is signed), Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.\n\nIf there was no co-signer, joint account holder, or other exception, only the estate of the deceased person owes the debt.\n\nWhen there is no estate\n\nIf there is no money or property left in the estate, or the estate can’t pay, the debt will generally not be paid. For example, when state law requires the estate to pay survivors first, there may not be any money left over to pay debts.\n\nHow debt collectors can communicate with you about a deceased person’s debt\n\nIf you’re a surviving spouse or a personal representative, executor, or administrator of a deceased person’s estate, debt collectors can contact you to discuss debts and payments from the estate. However, it’s not legal for them to state or imply that you’re personally responsible for paying the person’s debts from your own assets, unless your situation falls into one of the specific circumstances listed above that would make you legally obligated for the debt.\n\nUnder the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), debt collectors may not harass, oppress, or abuse you or any third parties they contact. Even if you’re legally responsible for a debt, you have the right to tell a debt collector to stop contacting you.\n\nWays to understand whether you’re responsible for the debt\n\nTalk with a lawyer\n\nIf you have questions about whether you’re responsible for a deceased person’s debts, you may want to talk to a lawyer. To find an attorney, you can contact a lawyer referral service in your area and ask for a lawyer with experience in consumer law, estate or probate matters, debt collection defense, or the FDCPA.\n\nSome attorneys may offer free services or charge a reduced fee. There may also be legal aid offices or legal clinics in your area that will offer their services for free if you meet their criteria. Servicemembers should consult their local JAG office .\n\nFor older Americans and their caregivers, the Eldercare Locator also provides trustworthy local support resources, including free legal aid for eligible older adults.\n\nGet details in writing\n\nDebt collectors are required to provide specific information about a debt during your first communication with them or within 5 days of the first communication. This information is known as a validation notice. If the collector refuses to give you any information about the debt – even though you are a surviving spouse, parent of a deceased minor, or personal representative of the estate – it might be a scam.\n\nIf you’re having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "When someone dies, their debts are generally paid out of the money or property left in the estate. If the estate can’t pay it and there’s no one who shared responsibility for the debt, it may go unpaid.\n\nGenerally, when a person dies, their money and property will go towards repaying their debt. If there’s no money in their estate, the debts will usually go unpaid.\n\nFor survivors of deceased loved ones, including spouses, you’re not responsible for their debts unless your situation falls into one of the specific circumstances listed above that would make you legally obligated for the debt.\n\nIf you’re not responsible for a debt, debt collectors may still contact you if you’re a surviving spouse or oversee the estate, but it’s illegal for debt collectors to suggest you’re responsible for paying from your own money. It’s also always illegal for them to harass you about paying the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["When you may be responsible for someone else’s debt"], "anchor": null, "text": "You’re not typically responsible for repaying the debt of someone who’s died, unless:\n\n- You’re a co-signer on a loan with outstanding debt\n\n- You’re a joint account holder on a credit card. Note: this is different from an authorized user\n\n- You’re a surviving spouse and your state law requires spouses to pay a particular type of debt\n\n- You’re the executor or administrator of the deceased person’s estate and your state law requires executors or administrators to pay an outstanding bill out of property that was jointly owned by the surviving and deceased spouses\n\n- You’re a surviving spouse and you live in a community property state that requires surviving spouses to use jointly-held property to pay debts of a deceased spouse. These states include Alaska (if a special agreement is signed), Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.\n\nIf there was no co-signer, joint account holder, or other exception, only the estate of the deceased person owes the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["When there is no estate"], "anchor": null, "text": "If there is no money or property left in the estate, or the estate can’t pay, the debt will generally not be paid. For example, when state law requires the estate to pay survivors first, there may not be any money left over to pay debts."}, {"heading_path": ["How debt collectors can communicate with you about a deceased person’s debt"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you’re a surviving spouse or a personal representative, executor, or administrator of a deceased person’s estate, debt collectors can contact you to discuss debts and payments from the estate. However, it’s not legal for them to state or imply that you’re personally responsible for paying the person’s debts from your own assets, unless your situation falls into one of the specific circumstances listed above that would make you legally obligated for the debt.\n\nUnder the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), debt collectors may not harass, oppress, or abuse you or any third parties they contact. Even if you’re legally responsible for a debt, you have the right to tell a debt collector to stop contacting you."}, {"heading_path": ["Ways to understand whether you’re responsible for the debt", "Talk with a lawyer"], "anchor": "", "text": "If you have questions about whether you’re responsible for a deceased person’s debts, you may want to talk to a lawyer. To find an attorney, you can contact a lawyer referral service in your area and ask for a lawyer with experience in consumer law, estate or probate matters, debt collection defense, or the FDCPA.\n\nSome attorneys may offer free services or charge a reduced fee. There may also be legal aid offices or legal clinics in your area that will offer their services for free if you meet their criteria. Servicemembers should consult their local JAG office .\n\nFor older Americans and their caregivers, the Eldercare Locator also provides trustworthy local support resources, including free legal aid for eligible older adults."}, {"heading_path": ["Ways to understand whether you’re responsible for the debt", "Get details in writing"], "anchor": "", "text": "Debt collectors are required to provide specific information about a debt during your first communication with them or within 5 days of the first communication. This information is known as a validation notice. If the collector refuses to give you any information about the debt – even though you are a surviving spouse, parent of a deceased minor, or personal representative of the estate – it might be a scam.\n\nIf you’re having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "de5fadd05edac370", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-dispute-an-error-on-my-credit-report-en-314/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-dispute-an-error-on-my-credit-report-en-314/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "How do I dispute an error on my credit report?", "description": "You have the right to dispute errors on your credit report. Fixing an error generally means contacting both the credit reporting company and the company that provided the information.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "credit reports and scores"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-09-02", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:43Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:01Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:01Z", "word_count": 723, "char_count": 4636, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.071, "quality_score": 0.96, "content_hash": "f89aed593ada80201dd2a08bd37dac50286a222e9c8c288c59d0d84ea72672af", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "You have the right to dispute errors on your credit report. Fixing an error generally means contacting both the credit reporting company and the company that provided the information.\n\nFirst, dispute the information with the credit reporting company or companies\n\nIf you identify an error on your credit report, you should start by disputing that information with the credit reporting company (Experian, Equifax, and/or Transunion). You should explain in writing what you think is wrong, why, and include copies of documents that support your dispute. You can also use our instructions and template letter as a guide.\n\nIf you mail a dispute, your dispute letter should include:\n\n- Contact information for you, including your complete name, address, and telephone number\n\n- Credit report confirmation number, if available\n\n- Each error you want fixed, including the account number for any account you may be disputing\n\n- Clear explanation of why you are disputing the information\n\n- Request that the information be removed or corrected\n\n- A copy of the portion of your credit report that contains the disputed items, with the disputed items circled or highlighted\n\n- Copies (not originals) of documents that support your position\n\nYou can choose to send your dispute letter by certified mail and ask for a return receipt, so that you have a record that your letter was received.\n\nYou can contact the nationwide credit reporting companies online, by mail, or by phone:\n\nEquifax\n\nOnline: www.equifax.com/personal/credit-report-services/credit-dispute/\n\nBy phone or mail: Call the phone number shown on your credit report or call (866) 349-5191. Visit www.equifax.com/personal/contact-us/ to find the current address you can mail your dispute to.\n\nExperian\n\nOnline or by mail: www.experian.com/disputes/main.html to dispute online or get instructions for how to dispute by mail.\n\nBy phone: Call the phone number shown on your credit report or call (888) 397-3742.\n\nTransUnion\n\nOnline: dispute.transunion.com\n\nBy mail or phone: Visit www.transunion.com/credit-disputes/dispute-your-credit/mail-or-phone for instructions on how to dispute by mail or phone, or call (800) 916-8800, Monday – Friday 8 a.m. 11 p.m. ET, Saturday and Sunday 8 a.m. – 5 p.m. ET to dispute over the phone.\n\nKeep copies of your dispute letter and the documents you send with it.\n\nThe credit reporting company you sent the dispute letter to must investigate your dispute, forward the dispute and all relevant information you provided to the company that provided the information about you, and report the results back to you.\n\nA credit reporting company is not required to investigate disputes that it reasonably determines are frivolous or irrelevant, such as disputes that do not contain enough information for the CRA to investigate them (e.g., disputes that do not specify what information is being disputed).The company must send you a notice explaining that it has decided the dispute is frivolous and why it has made that determination and the notice must be sent within five business days after it made the decision.\n\nThen, dispute the information with the company that provided it to the credit reporting companies\n\nCredit reporting companies gather information about you from other companies called furnishers. Examples of furnishers include your bank, your landlord, and your credit card company.\n\nTo dispute the information a furnisher provided to the credit reporting company, you can use our sample letter as a guide. Send disputes to furnishers in writing, using certified mail. Disputes can be sent to the furnisher’s address included on your consumer report or to an address specified by the furnisher for receiving credit reporting disputes. Furnishers generally must investigate and respond to your dispute within 30 days of when they receive the dispute.\n\nIf the investigation shows the furnisher provided wrong information about you, or the information cannot be verified, the furnisher must update or remove the information and notify all the credit reporting companies after correcting it. Then, the credit reporting companies must update your credit reports.\n\nThe furnisher might determine that the information about you is accurate and should not be updated or removed. In that case, you can contact the credit reporting companies again and ask them to include a statement explaining the dispute in your credit reports. The statement is then added to your file and provided to whomever requests your credit report in the future.\n\nSubmit a complaint\n\nIf you have a problem with your credit report, you can also submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "You have the right to dispute errors on your credit report. Fixing an error generally means contacting both the credit reporting company and the company that provided the information."}, {"heading_path": ["First, dispute the information with the credit reporting company or companies"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you identify an error on your credit report, you should start by disputing that information with the credit reporting company (Experian, Equifax, and/or Transunion). You should explain in writing what you think is wrong, why, and include copies of documents that support your dispute. You can also use our instructions and template letter as a guide.\n\nIf you mail a dispute, your dispute letter should include:\n\n- Contact information for you, including your complete name, address, and telephone number\n\n- Credit report confirmation number, if available\n\n- Each error you want fixed, including the account number for any account you may be disputing\n\n- Clear explanation of why you are disputing the information\n\n- Request that the information be removed or corrected\n\n- A copy of the portion of your credit report that contains the disputed items, with the disputed items circled or highlighted\n\n- Copies (not originals) of documents that support your position\n\nYou can choose to send your dispute letter by certified mail and ask for a return receipt, so that you have a record that your letter was received.\n\nYou can contact the nationwide credit reporting companies online, by mail, or by phone:"}, {"heading_path": ["First, dispute the information with the credit reporting company or companies", "Equifax"], "anchor": "", "text": "Online: www.equifax.com/personal/credit-report-services/credit-dispute/\n\nBy phone or mail: Call the phone number shown on your credit report or call (866) 349-5191. Visit www.equifax.com/personal/contact-us/ to find the current address you can mail your dispute to."}, {"heading_path": ["First, dispute the information with the credit reporting company or companies", "Experian"], "anchor": "", "text": "Online or by mail: www.experian.com/disputes/main.html to dispute online or get instructions for how to dispute by mail.\n\nBy phone: Call the phone number shown on your credit report or call (888) 397-3742."}, {"heading_path": ["First, dispute the information with the credit reporting company or companies", "TransUnion"], "anchor": "", "text": "Online: dispute.transunion.com\n\nBy mail or phone: Visit www.transunion.com/credit-disputes/dispute-your-credit/mail-or-phone for instructions on how to dispute by mail or phone, or call (800) 916-8800, Monday – Friday 8 a.m. 11 p.m. ET, Saturday and Sunday 8 a.m. – 5 p.m. ET to dispute over the phone.\n\nKeep copies of your dispute letter and the documents you send with it.\n\nThe credit reporting company you sent the dispute letter to must investigate your dispute, forward the dispute and all relevant information you provided to the company that provided the information about you, and report the results back to you.\n\nA credit reporting company is not required to investigate disputes that it reasonably determines are frivolous or irrelevant, such as disputes that do not contain enough information for the CRA to investigate them (e.g., disputes that do not specify what information is being disputed).The company must send you a notice explaining that it has decided the dispute is frivolous and why it has made that determination and the notice must be sent within five business days after it made the decision."}, {"heading_path": ["Then, dispute the information with the company that provided it to the credit reporting companies"], "anchor": null, "text": "Credit reporting companies gather information about you from other companies called furnishers. Examples of furnishers include your bank, your landlord, and your credit card company.\n\nTo dispute the information a furnisher provided to the credit reporting company, you can use our sample letter as a guide. Send disputes to furnishers in writing, using certified mail. Disputes can be sent to the furnisher’s address included on your consumer report or to an address specified by the furnisher for receiving credit reporting disputes. Furnishers generally must investigate and respond to your dispute within 30 days of when they receive the dispute.\n\nIf the investigation shows the furnisher provided wrong information about you, or the information cannot be verified, the furnisher must update or remove the information and notify all the credit reporting companies after correcting it. Then, the credit reporting companies must update your credit reports.\n\nThe furnisher might determine that the information about you is accurate and should not be updated or removed. In that case, you can contact the credit reporting companies again and ask them to include a statement explaining the dispute in your credit reports. The statement is then added to your file and provided to whomever requests your credit report in the future."}, {"heading_path": ["Submit a complaint"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you have a problem with your credit report, you can also submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "6ed2230e1a420f48", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-find-a-lawyer-to-help-me-with-a-creditor-or-collector-trying-to-collect-a-debt-from-me-en-1433/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-find-a-lawyer-to-help-me-with-a-creditor-or-collector-trying-to-collect-a-debt-from-me-en-1433/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "How do I find a lawyer to help me with a creditor or collector trying to collect a debt from me?", "description": "Attorneys experienced in consumer law or debt collection can help you understand your state and federal rights. Here’s how to find one.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-08-02", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:42Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:00Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:00Z", "word_count": 526, "char_count": 2963, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.042, "quality_score": 0.97, "content_hash": "07d118c375577d6051682f81c11255508f0c929283df4aab49c3a66067e448ef", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Attorneys experienced in consumer law or debt collection can help you understand your state and federal rights.\n\nIf you have a debt in collection or have been sued by a debt collector, it may be helpful to find a reputable lawyer to advise or represent you.\n\nUnder federal law, a debt collector must go through your attorney if they know that you have one, so it’s a good idea – if you get legal representation – to tell the collector the name of the attorney who is representing you and how to contact them. If your lawyer doesn’t respond to a communication from the debt collector in a reasonable amount of time, the debt collector may contact you directly.\n\nHow to find a lawyer to represent you\n\nIf you’re seeking a lawyer, look for one with experience in consumer law, debt collection defense, or the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Here are a number of ways to find one:\n\n- Contact a lawyer referral service in your area\n\n- Find lawyer referrals in your area by checking the American Bar Association website or your state bar association.\n\n- Identify state-based legal aid programs for low-income consumers\n\n- Consult your local JAG office if you’re a servicemember\n\n- Ask people you know to suggest attorneys they’ve worked with in the past\n\n- Get a referral from an attorney you know or have worked with before\n\n- Depending on the amount and nature of your debt, you may wish to consult with a bankruptcy lawyer. Bankruptcy attorneys may be particularly helpful in many contexts.\n\nQuestions to ask when seeking legal representation\n\nTo help you assess whether an attorney has a good understanding of consumer law, here are several questions to ask of the attorney:\n\n- How much of your work involves consumer law and representing consumers?\n\n- How many cases like mine have you handled before?\n\n- Do you charge an up-front fee?\n\n- Will I have to pay even if I lose my case in court?\n\n- If I can’t afford to hire you, can you refer me to a consumer law attorney who may not charge up-front fees?\n\nHow to ensure your attorney is reputable\n\nBefore hiring an attorney, it is a good idea to check your state bar organization to make sure he or she is in good standing. You can find this information by searching the attorney’s name on the state bar website where the attorney is licensed or by calling the state bar organization.\n\nKeep in mind that some states may have more than one bar organization. Be sure you contact the “mandatory” bar association and not a “voluntary” bar association.\n\nWhat to bring when you meet with a lawyer\n\nBring copies of your records about the debt and your records of communication with the debt collector with you when you meet with an attorney. Never leave your originals with anyone.\n\nIt will be helpful for your attorney to review copies of letters you have received from the debt collector, as well as any copies of records you have kept of phone calls, letters you wrote to the debt collector, or other communications.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Attorneys experienced in consumer law or debt collection can help you understand your state and federal rights.\n\nIf you have a debt in collection or have been sued by a debt collector, it may be helpful to find a reputable lawyer to advise or represent you.\n\nUnder federal law, a debt collector must go through your attorney if they know that you have one, so it’s a good idea – if you get legal representation – to tell the collector the name of the attorney who is representing you and how to contact them. If your lawyer doesn’t respond to a communication from the debt collector in a reasonable amount of time, the debt collector may contact you directly."}, {"heading_path": ["How to find a lawyer to represent you"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you’re seeking a lawyer, look for one with experience in consumer law, debt collection defense, or the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Here are a number of ways to find one:\n\n- Contact a lawyer referral service in your area\n\n- Find lawyer referrals in your area by checking the American Bar Association website or your state bar association.\n\n- Identify state-based legal aid programs for low-income consumers\n\n- Consult your local JAG office if you’re a servicemember\n\n- Ask people you know to suggest attorneys they’ve worked with in the past\n\n- Get a referral from an attorney you know or have worked with before\n\n- Depending on the amount and nature of your debt, you may wish to consult with a bankruptcy lawyer. Bankruptcy attorneys may be particularly helpful in many contexts."}, {"heading_path": ["Questions to ask when seeking legal representation"], "anchor": null, "text": "To help you assess whether an attorney has a good understanding of consumer law, here are several questions to ask of the attorney:\n\n- How much of your work involves consumer law and representing consumers?\n\n- How many cases like mine have you handled before?\n\n- Do you charge an up-front fee?\n\n- Will I have to pay even if I lose my case in court?\n\n- If I can’t afford to hire you, can you refer me to a consumer law attorney who may not charge up-front fees?"}, {"heading_path": ["How to ensure your attorney is reputable"], "anchor": null, "text": "Before hiring an attorney, it is a good idea to check your state bar organization to make sure he or she is in good standing. You can find this information by searching the attorney’s name on the state bar website where the attorney is licensed or by calling the state bar organization.\n\nKeep in mind that some states may have more than one bar organization. Be sure you contact the “mandatory” bar association and not a “voluntary” bar association."}, {"heading_path": ["What to bring when you meet with a lawyer"], "anchor": null, "text": "Bring copies of your records about the debt and your records of communication with the debt collector with you when you meet with an attorney. Never leave your originals with anyone.\n\nIt will be helpful for your attorney to review copies of letters you have received from the debt collector, as well as any copies of records you have kept of phone calls, letters you wrote to the debt collector, or other communications."}]}
{"id": "016523631b491889", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-find-an-attorney-in-my-state-en-1549/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-find-an-attorney-in-my-state-en-1549/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "How do I find an attorney in my state?", "description": "Here are some suggestions on how to find a lawyer, and a list of free legal aid programs by state.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "bank accounts and services"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-08-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:55Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:12Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:12Z", "word_count": 655, "char_count": 3992, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.326, "quality_score": 0.8, "content_hash": "86fe16d612a293602657f46eaae6389d7f1f577d69b4c82a6b119088972ed275", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Because laws differ from state to state, it’s a good idea to work with an attorney in your own state. Here are some suggestions on how to find a lawyer, and a list of free legal aid programs by state.\n\nIdeas on how to find an attorney:\n\n- You can contact a lawyer referral service in your area by reaching out to your state or local bar association.\n\n- You may qualify for free legal services through legal aid. Scroll down for a list of offices in each state.\n\n- You can ask people you know to suggest attorneys they have worked with in the past.\n\n- You can ask an attorney you know or have worked with before if they can refer you to an attorney who has experience with issues similar to yours.\n\n- If you’re a servicemember, you can consult with your local JAG Legal Assistance Office .\n\nWhat questions should I ask an attorney before hiring them?\n\nTo help determine whether the attorney has a good understanding of your situation, and to understand whether you can afford an attorney, consider asking these questions:\n\n- How much of your work involves this area of law and representing people in my situation?\n\n- Do you charge an up-front fee?\n\n- Do I have to pay even if I lose my case in court?\n\n- If I can’t afford to hire you, can you refer me to a consumer law attorney who may not charge up-front fees?\n\nHow can I check if an attorney is in good standing?\n\nBefore hiring an attorney, it is a good idea to make sure they are in good standing with the state bar association. You can also see if they have a disciplinary record. You can find this information by searching the attorney’s name on the state bar website where the attorney is licensed, or by calling the state bar association. Some states may have more than one bar association.\n\nWhere should I look for an attorney with affordable fees?\n\nSome attorneys offer free services or charge a reduced fee. There could also be legal aid offices or legal clinics in your area that offer their services for free if you meet certain criteria.\n\nThis website has a state-by-state search to help you find an attorney.\n\nOr, you can check the state-specific legal aid information below:\n\nAlabama Alabama Legal Aid Directory\n\nAlaska Alaska Legal Aid Directory\n\nArizona Arizona Law Help\n\nArkansas Arkansas Law Help\n\nCalifornia Law Help California\n\nColorado Colorado Legal Services\n\nConnecticut Connecticut Law Help\n\nDelaware Delaware Legal Help Link\n\nDistrict of Columbia District of Columbia Legal Aid Directory\n\nFlorida Florida Law Help (site relaunching in June 2024)\n\nGeorgia Georgia Legal Aid Directory\n\nHawaii Legal Aid Society of Hawaii\n\nIdaho Idaho Legal Aid Services, Inc.\n\nIllinois Illinois Legal Aid Online\n\nIndiana Indiana Legal Services, Inc.\n\nIowa Iowa Legal Aid\n\nKansas Kansas Legal Services\n\nKentucky Kentucky Legal Aid\n\nLouisiana Louisiana Law Help\n\nMaine Maine Legal Aid\n\nMaryland Maryland Legal Aid\n\nMassachusetts Massachusetts Legal Resource Finder\n\nMichigan Michigan Legal Help\n\nMinnesota Minnesota Legal Services Corporation\n\nMississippi Mississippi Legal Aid Directory\n\nMissouri Missouri Legal Services\n\nMontana Montana Legal Aid Directory\n\nNebraska Legal Aid of Nebraska\n\nNevada Nevada Legal Services\n\nNew Hampshire New Hampshire Legal Assistance\n\nNew Jersey Legal Services of New Jersey\n\nNew Mexico New Mexico Legal Aid\n\nNew York New York Legal Aid\n\nNorth Carolina North Carolina Legal Aid\n\nNorth Dakota Legal Services of North Dakota\n\nOhio Ohio Legal Help\n\nOklahoma Legal Aid Services of Oklahoma, Inc.\n\nOregon Oregon Legal Aid Directory\n\nPennsylvania Pennsylvania Legal Aid\n\nRhode Island Rhode Island Legal Services\n\nSouth Carolina South Carolina Legal Services\n\nSouth Dakota South Dakota Legal Aid\n\nTennessee Tennessee Alliance for Legal Services\n\nTexas Texas Law Help\n\nUtah Utah Legal Services\n\nVermont Vermont Legal Help\n\nVirginia Virginia Legal Aid Directory\n\nWashington Washington Legal Aid Directory\n\nWest Virginia Legal Aid of West Virginia\n\nWisconsin Legal Action of Wisconsin\n\nWyoming Legal Aid of Wyoming", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Because laws differ from state to state, it’s a good idea to work with an attorney in your own state. Here are some suggestions on how to find a lawyer, and a list of free legal aid programs by state.\n\nIdeas on how to find an attorney:\n\n- You can contact a lawyer referral service in your area by reaching out to your state or local bar association.\n\n- You may qualify for free legal services through legal aid. Scroll down for a list of offices in each state.\n\n- You can ask people you know to suggest attorneys they have worked with in the past.\n\n- You can ask an attorney you know or have worked with before if they can refer you to an attorney who has experience with issues similar to yours.\n\n- If you’re a servicemember, you can consult with your local JAG Legal Assistance Office ."}, {"heading_path": ["What questions should I ask an attorney before hiring them?"], "anchor": null, "text": "To help determine whether the attorney has a good understanding of your situation, and to understand whether you can afford an attorney, consider asking these questions:\n\n- How much of your work involves this area of law and representing people in my situation?\n\n- Do you charge an up-front fee?\n\n- Do I have to pay even if I lose my case in court?\n\n- If I can’t afford to hire you, can you refer me to a consumer law attorney who may not charge up-front fees?"}, {"heading_path": ["How can I check if an attorney is in good standing?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Before hiring an attorney, it is a good idea to make sure they are in good standing with the state bar association. You can also see if they have a disciplinary record. You can find this information by searching the attorney’s name on the state bar website where the attorney is licensed, or by calling the state bar association. Some states may have more than one bar association."}, {"heading_path": ["Where should I look for an attorney with affordable fees?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Some attorneys offer free services or charge a reduced fee. There could also be legal aid offices or legal clinics in your area that offer their services for free if you meet certain criteria.\n\nThis website has a state-by-state search to help you find an attorney.\n\nOr, you can check the state-specific legal aid information below:\n\nAlabama Alabama Legal Aid Directory\n\nAlaska Alaska Legal Aid Directory\n\nArizona Arizona Law Help\n\nArkansas Arkansas Law Help\n\nCalifornia Law Help California\n\nColorado Colorado Legal Services\n\nConnecticut Connecticut Law Help\n\nDelaware Delaware Legal Help Link\n\nDistrict of Columbia District of Columbia Legal Aid Directory\n\nFlorida Florida Law Help (site relaunching in June 2024)\n\nGeorgia Georgia Legal Aid Directory\n\nHawaii Legal Aid Society of Hawaii\n\nIdaho Idaho Legal Aid Services, Inc.\n\nIllinois Illinois Legal Aid Online\n\nIndiana Indiana Legal Services, Inc.\n\nIowa Iowa Legal Aid\n\nKansas Kansas Legal Services\n\nKentucky Kentucky Legal Aid\n\nLouisiana Louisiana Law Help\n\nMaine Maine Legal Aid\n\nMaryland Maryland Legal Aid\n\nMassachusetts Massachusetts Legal Resource Finder\n\nMichigan Michigan Legal Help\n\nMinnesota Minnesota Legal Services Corporation\n\nMississippi Mississippi Legal Aid Directory\n\nMissouri Missouri Legal Services\n\nMontana Montana Legal Aid Directory\n\nNebraska Legal Aid of Nebraska\n\nNevada Nevada Legal Services\n\nNew Hampshire New Hampshire Legal Assistance\n\nNew Jersey Legal Services of New Jersey\n\nNew Mexico New Mexico Legal Aid\n\nNew York New York Legal Aid\n\nNorth Carolina North Carolina Legal Aid\n\nNorth Dakota Legal Services of North Dakota\n\nOhio Ohio Legal Help\n\nOklahoma Legal Aid Services of Oklahoma, Inc.\n\nOregon Oregon Legal Aid Directory\n\nPennsylvania Pennsylvania Legal Aid\n\nRhode Island Rhode Island Legal Services\n\nSouth Carolina South Carolina Legal Services\n\nSouth Dakota South Dakota Legal Aid\n\nTennessee Tennessee Alliance for Legal Services\n\nTexas Texas Law Help\n\nUtah Utah Legal Services\n\nVermont Vermont Legal Help\n\nVirginia Virginia Legal Aid Directory\n\nWashington Washington Legal Aid Directory\n\nWest Virginia Legal Aid of West Virginia\n\nWisconsin Legal Action of Wisconsin\n\nWyoming Legal Aid of Wyoming"}]}
{"id": "6424cebf56884dc8", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-get-a-debt-collector-to-stop-contacting-me-en-1411/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-get-a-debt-collector-to-stop-contacting-me-en-1411/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "How do I get a debt collector to stop calling or contacting me?", "description": "You have the right to tell a debt collector to stop contacting you. The collector must stop if you ask a debt collector to stop all contact.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-05-14", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:31Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:49Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:49Z", "word_count": 768, "char_count": 4391, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.109, "quality_score": 0.93, "content_hash": "55f91b63a18ef2ae1009fbf0d3097c03d35e1761877978009530cdb6f26feea3", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "You have the right to tell a debt collector to stop contacting you. If you ask a debt collector to stop all contact – regardless of the communications channel – the collector must stop. Keep in mind, though, that you could still owe the debt.\n\nIf you don't want a debt collector to contact you again, write a letter to the debt collector saying so. We have sample letters that you can use to respond to a debt collector who is trying to collect a debt.\n\nThe CFPB’s Debt Collection Rule requires debt collectors to provide certain information when they first communicate with you, or shortly after, which is often in a letter called a validation notice. The notice includes information about the debt and the debt collector, as well as a “tear-off” form with checkboxes you can fill out to dispute or request more information about the debt. If the debt collector provides a way for you to submit the letter electronically, you can do that instead of sending a letter by mail.\n\nAfter I tell the debt collector to stop contacting me, what can I expect?\n\nOnce a debt collector receives your letter requesting they stop contacting you, they’re not allowed to communicate with you again except to:\n\n- Tell you there will be no further contact\n\n- Advise you that they or the creditor may take other actions they’re legally allowed to take, such as filing a lawsuit against you\n\nKeep in mind that it’s important that you respond to the debt collector in writing, even if they provide the validation information over the phone or through email. If you’re disputing the debt, it’s also important to do it immediately, even before you insist that they stop contacting you.\n\nDebt collectors can still collect even if they can’t contact you\n\nStopping communication with a debt collector doesn’t make the debt go away. In fact, they may find alternative ways to collect it from you. For example, they can file a lawsuit against you or report negative information to a credit reporting company, although that won’t always happen.\n\nIf you believe you don’t owe the debt or it isn’t accurate, you can write to the debt collector to ask for their evidence. Once you notify the debt collector in writing that you dispute the debt, as long as it is within 30 days of receiving a validation notice, the debt collector must stop trying to collect the debt until they’ve provided you with verification in response to your dispute.\n\nYou may also have questions about whether they are collecting a debt that isn’t yours or trying to collect an improper amount, and you can consider consulting an attorney that specializes in these types of cases to learn more about your rights and options.\n\nLearn more about what may happen if you ignore or avoid a debt collector.\n\nKeep good records of your communications with a debt collector\n\nIf you’re being contacted by a debt collector, it’s important to keep a record of any letters, documents, or communications they send to you. Write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you’re disputing the debt, meeting with a lawyer, or going to court.\n\nIf you send the debt collector a letter, make a copy and send the original to the debt collector. It’s also generally a good idea to send the letter by certified mail. If you pay for a \"return receipt,\" that gives you proof the debt collector received your letter. You may also send the letter electronically. Just be sure to keep a copy.\n\nAlso, be careful what you say to a debt collector because they keep records as well. They can track any information you provide, including personal information or if you apologize or admit to owing the debt. Those statements could be used against you.\n\nWhat to do if a debt collector is violating the law\n\nIf the collector continues to contact you after receiving a written notice to stop or after you’ve told them you have a lawyer and have provided the lawyer’s contact information, they are likely violating the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA).\n\nYou can sue the debt collector for violating the FDCPA. If you sue under the FDCPA and win, the debt collector must generally pay your attorney's fees and might also have to pay you damages.\n\nLearn more about the laws that limit what a debt collector can say or do\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "You have the right to tell a debt collector to stop contacting you. If you ask a debt collector to stop all contact – regardless of the communications channel – the collector must stop. Keep in mind, though, that you could still owe the debt.\n\nIf you don't want a debt collector to contact you again, write a letter to the debt collector saying so. We have sample letters that you can use to respond to a debt collector who is trying to collect a debt.\n\nThe CFPB’s Debt Collection Rule requires debt collectors to provide certain information when they first communicate with you, or shortly after, which is often in a letter called a validation notice. The notice includes information about the debt and the debt collector, as well as a “tear-off” form with checkboxes you can fill out to dispute or request more information about the debt. If the debt collector provides a way for you to submit the letter electronically, you can do that instead of sending a letter by mail."}, {"heading_path": ["After I tell the debt collector to stop contacting me, what can I expect?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Once a debt collector receives your letter requesting they stop contacting you, they’re not allowed to communicate with you again except to:\n\n- Tell you there will be no further contact\n\n- Advise you that they or the creditor may take other actions they’re legally allowed to take, such as filing a lawsuit against you\n\nKeep in mind that it’s important that you respond to the debt collector in writing, even if they provide the validation information over the phone or through email. If you’re disputing the debt, it’s also important to do it immediately, even before you insist that they stop contacting you."}, {"heading_path": ["Debt collectors can still collect even if they can’t contact you"], "anchor": "debt-collectors-can-still-collect-even-if-they-can't-contact-you", "text": "Stopping communication with a debt collector doesn’t make the debt go away. In fact, they may find alternative ways to collect it from you. For example, they can file a lawsuit against you or report negative information to a credit reporting company, although that won’t always happen.\n\nIf you believe you don’t owe the debt or it isn’t accurate, you can write to the debt collector to ask for their evidence. Once you notify the debt collector in writing that you dispute the debt, as long as it is within 30 days of receiving a validation notice, the debt collector must stop trying to collect the debt until they’ve provided you with verification in response to your dispute.\n\nYou may also have questions about whether they are collecting a debt that isn’t yours or trying to collect an improper amount, and you can consider consulting an attorney that specializes in these types of cases to learn more about your rights and options.\n\nLearn more about what may happen if you ignore or avoid a debt collector."}, {"heading_path": ["Keep good records of your communications with a debt collector"], "anchor": "keep-good-records-of-your-communications-with-a-debt-collector", "text": "If you’re being contacted by a debt collector, it’s important to keep a record of any letters, documents, or communications they send to you. Write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you’re disputing the debt, meeting with a lawyer, or going to court.\n\nIf you send the debt collector a letter, make a copy and send the original to the debt collector. It’s also generally a good idea to send the letter by certified mail. If you pay for a \"return receipt,\" that gives you proof the debt collector received your letter. You may also send the letter electronically. Just be sure to keep a copy.\n\nAlso, be careful what you say to a debt collector because they keep records as well. They can track any information you provide, including personal information or if you apologize or admit to owing the debt. Those statements could be used against you."}, {"heading_path": ["What to do if a debt collector is violating the law"], "anchor": "what-to-do-if-a-debt-collector-is-violating-the-law", "text": "If the collector continues to contact you after receiving a written notice to stop or after you’ve told them you have a lawyer and have provided the lawyer’s contact information, they are likely violating the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA).\n\nYou can sue the debt collector for violating the FDCPA. If you sue under the FDCPA and win, the debt collector must generally pay your attorney's fees and might also have to pay you damages.\n\nLearn more about the laws that limit what a debt collector can say or do\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "17a21040b5faa0c8", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-negotiate-a-settlement-with-a-debt-collector-en-1447/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-negotiate-a-settlement-with-a-debt-collector-en-1447/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "How do I negotiate a settlement with a debt collector?", "description": "Here are three steps to negotiating with a debt collector, starting with understanding what you owe.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-15", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:34Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:52Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:52Z", "word_count": 609, "char_count": 3597, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.143, "quality_score": 0.91, "content_hash": "78a00489c64d34450018937b6ac670b27e1c4233b2e3435c1e8084e1cfa5b194", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "When negotiating with a debt collector, you should confirm whether you owe the debt, calculate a realistic payment plan, and make a repayment proposal to the debt collector.\n\nIf you’re thinking about negotiating a settlement or repayment agreement with a debt collector, consider the following three steps:\n\n1. Confirm that you owe the debt\n\nWhen debt collectors contact you, they must give you certain information about the debt they say you owe or they should provide it within five days of first communicating with you. Generally, debt collectors must provide this information in writing, either in the mail or electronically.\n\nThis validation information can help you figure out if you owe the debt and will provide information on how to dispute it if you don’t. If you’re unsure who you owe money to or how much you owe, you can request the debt collector provide more information about the debt.\n\nLearn more about what information debt collectors are required to provide and how to dispute a debt\n\n2. Calculate a realistic repayment plan\n\nOnce you confirm that you owe a debt, you can pay in full or propose a repayment plan to the debt collector. If you want to make a proposal to repay this debt, here are some questions you should ask yourself:\n\nHow much can I realistically afford to pay each month?\n\nFirst, review your current financial obligations. Write down your monthly take-home pay and your monthly expenses , including the amount you want to repay each month. Try to allow some income left over to cover unexpected expenses and emergencies. Keep in mind that falling behind on other bills, even if you’re paying off this debt, could cause you more problems. If you’re struggling, a non-profit credit counselor can help you create a budget and work with the collectors.\n\nWhat is the total amount I’m willing to pay to settle the entire debt?\n\nThis could be one payment or a series of smaller payments. Don’t pay more than you can afford. If you have more than one debt with a debt collector, you can direct the debt collector to apply your payments to a specific debt. Debt collectors are not allowed to apply a single payment for multiple debts that you’re disputing.\n\nUse our debt worksheet for calculate your debts and document your plans for paying them off\n\nAvoid companies that charge money in advance to settle your debts for you\n\nDealing with debt settlement companies can be risky. Some debt settlement companies promise more than they can deliver. Certain creditors may also refuse to work with the debt settlement company you choose. In many cases, the debt settlement company won’t be able to settle the debt for you anyway.\n\n3. Make a repayment proposal to the debt collector\n\nExplain your plan\n\nWhen you talk to the debt collector, explain your financial situation. You may have more room to negotiate with a debt collector than you did with the original creditor. It can also help to work through a credit counselor or attorney.\n\nRecord your agreement\n\nIf you agree to a repayment or settlement plan, get the plan and the debt collector’s promises in writing before you make a payment. Those promises may include stopping collection efforts and ending or forgiving the debt once you have completed the plan.\n\nKnow your rights\n\nThere are certain rules around how and when debt collectors can communicate with you. The FDCPA prohibits debt collectors from placing repeated or continuous telephone calls or conversations with the intent to harass, oppress, or abuse you.\n\nIf you’re having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.\n\n00:00", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "When negotiating with a debt collector, you should confirm whether you owe the debt, calculate a realistic payment plan, and make a repayment proposal to the debt collector.\n\nIf you’re thinking about negotiating a settlement or repayment agreement with a debt collector, consider the following three steps:"}, {"heading_path": ["1. Confirm that you owe the debt"], "anchor": null, "text": "When debt collectors contact you, they must give you certain information about the debt they say you owe or they should provide it within five days of first communicating with you. Generally, debt collectors must provide this information in writing, either in the mail or electronically.\n\nThis validation information can help you figure out if you owe the debt and will provide information on how to dispute it if you don’t. If you’re unsure who you owe money to or how much you owe, you can request the debt collector provide more information about the debt.\n\nLearn more about what information debt collectors are required to provide and how to dispute a debt"}, {"heading_path": ["2. Calculate a realistic repayment plan"], "anchor": null, "text": "Once you confirm that you owe a debt, you can pay in full or propose a repayment plan to the debt collector. If you want to make a proposal to repay this debt, here are some questions you should ask yourself:"}, {"heading_path": ["2. Calculate a realistic repayment plan", "How much can I realistically afford to pay each month?"], "anchor": "", "text": "First, review your current financial obligations. Write down your monthly take-home pay and your monthly expenses , including the amount you want to repay each month. Try to allow some income left over to cover unexpected expenses and emergencies. Keep in mind that falling behind on other bills, even if you’re paying off this debt, could cause you more problems. If you’re struggling, a non-profit credit counselor can help you create a budget and work with the collectors."}, {"heading_path": ["2. Calculate a realistic repayment plan", "What is the total amount I’m willing to pay to settle the entire debt?"], "anchor": "", "text": "This could be one payment or a series of smaller payments. Don’t pay more than you can afford. If you have more than one debt with a debt collector, you can direct the debt collector to apply your payments to a specific debt. Debt collectors are not allowed to apply a single payment for multiple debts that you’re disputing.\n\nUse our debt worksheet for calculate your debts and document your plans for paying them off"}, {"heading_path": ["2. Calculate a realistic repayment plan", "Avoid companies that charge money in advance to settle your debts for you"], "anchor": "", "text": "Dealing with debt settlement companies can be risky. Some debt settlement companies promise more than they can deliver. Certain creditors may also refuse to work with the debt settlement company you choose. In many cases, the debt settlement company won’t be able to settle the debt for you anyway."}, {"heading_path": ["3. Make a repayment proposal to the debt collector", "Explain your plan"], "anchor": "", "text": "When you talk to the debt collector, explain your financial situation. You may have more room to negotiate with a debt collector than you did with the original creditor. It can also help to work through a credit counselor or attorney."}, {"heading_path": ["3. Make a repayment proposal to the debt collector", "Record your agreement"], "anchor": "", "text": "If you agree to a repayment or settlement plan, get the plan and the debt collector’s promises in writing before you make a payment. Those promises may include stopping collection efforts and ending or forgiving the debt once you have completed the plan."}, {"heading_path": ["3. Make a repayment proposal to the debt collector", "Know your rights"], "anchor": "", "text": "There are certain rules around how and when debt collectors can communicate with you. The FDCPA prohibits debt collectors from placing repeated or continuous telephone calls or conversations with the intent to harass, oppress, or abuse you.\n\nIf you’re having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.\n\n00:00"}]}
{"id": "b477434c07685d00", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-tell-if-a-debt-collector-is-legitimate-or-a-scam-en-1699/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-tell-if-a-debt-collector-is-legitimate-or-a-scam-en-1699/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "How do I tell if a debt collector is legitimate or a scam?", "description": "A legitimate debt collector can tell you their company name and mailing address, as well as information about the debt they say you owe.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-07-30", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:31Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:49Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:49Z", "word_count": 380, "char_count": 2207, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.163, "quality_score": 0.77, "content_hash": "cf26105aa8c683eb9227196636cb68503a9522ff58d432b1c88cb1429f840ebc", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A legitimate debt collector can tell you their company name and mailing address, as well as information about the debt they say you owe.\n\nLegitimate debt collectors tell you who they are and the company they work for, and give you details about the debt they say you owe. It could be a scam if they won’t share this information or if they threaten you, or ask for your personal information.\n\nWhat are some warning signs of a debt collection scam?\n\nRed flags that a debt collection call or message could be a scam:\n\n- The debt collector threatens you or calls you late at night or at work.\n\nThere are laws to prohibit debt collectors from threatening or harassing you, or communicating with you at times or places that are inconvenient for you.\n\nDebt collectors may also only reach out to other people for very limited reasons.\n\n- The debt collector refuses to give you a mailing address or phone number.\n\nThe debt collector should provide information about themselves and their collection company. This can help you identify and validate the debt, and to tell whether or not it’s a scam.\n\nTo verify a debt collector, ask them to provide:\n\n- Their name\n\n- Company name\n\n- Company street address\n\n- Telephone number\n\n- Professional license number, if your state licenses debt collectors\n\nTo check this information, you can contact your state attorney general and state regulator.\n\nLearn more about what information debt collectors need to provide\n\n- The debt collector refuses to give you information about your debt or is trying to collect a debt you don’t recognize.\n\nDebt collectors are required to give you information about the debt when they first contact you or within five days.\n\n- The debt collector threatens you with criminal charges.\n\nThere are only a few situations where a debt can lead to an arrest. A real debt collector should not claim they can have you arrested.\n\n- The debt collector asks you for your personal financial information.\n\nDo not share your personal financial information unless you are sure the debt collector is legitimate.\n\nLearn more about what debt collectors can legally say or do\n\nIf you have an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint to the CFPB.\n\n00:00", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A legitimate debt collector can tell you their company name and mailing address, as well as information about the debt they say you owe.\n\nLegitimate debt collectors tell you who they are and the company they work for, and give you details about the debt they say you owe. It could be a scam if they won’t share this information or if they threaten you, or ask for your personal information."}, {"heading_path": ["What are some warning signs of a debt collection scam?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Red flags that a debt collection call or message could be a scam:\n\n- The debt collector threatens you or calls you late at night or at work.\n\nThere are laws to prohibit debt collectors from threatening or harassing you, or communicating with you at times or places that are inconvenient for you.\n\nDebt collectors may also only reach out to other people for very limited reasons.\n\n- The debt collector refuses to give you a mailing address or phone number.\n\nThe debt collector should provide information about themselves and their collection company. This can help you identify and validate the debt, and to tell whether or not it’s a scam.\n\nTo verify a debt collector, ask them to provide:\n\n- Their name\n\n- Company name\n\n- Company street address\n\n- Telephone number\n\n- Professional license number, if your state licenses debt collectors\n\nTo check this information, you can contact your state attorney general and state regulator.\n\nLearn more about what information debt collectors need to provide\n\n- The debt collector refuses to give you information about your debt or is trying to collect a debt you don’t recognize.\n\nDebt collectors are required to give you information about the debt when they first contact you or within five days.\n\n- The debt collector threatens you with criminal charges.\n\nThere are only a few situations where a debt can lead to an arrest. A real debt collector should not claim they can have you arrested.\n\n- The debt collector asks you for your personal financial information.\n\nDo not share your personal financial information unless you are sure the debt collector is legitimate.\n\nLearn more about what debt collectors can legally say or do\n\nIf you have an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint to the CFPB.\n\n00:00"}]}
{"id": "27a06aef89aa8c10", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/i-was-an-authorized-user-on-my-deceased-relatives-credit-card-account-am-i-liable-to-repay-the-debt-en-1485/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/i-was-an-authorized-user-on-my-deceased-relatives-credit-card-account-am-i-liable-to-repay-the-debt-en-1485/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "I was an authorized user on my deceased relative’s credit card account. Am I liable to repay the debt?", "description": "No, being an authorized user generally does not obligate you to pay the debt.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "credit cards"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-09-23", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:46Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:04Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:04Z", "word_count": 119, "char_count": 696, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.034, "quality_score": 0.46, "content_hash": "88ecbe4c14a5a99572da734adf75de4d861d74bcbedf7febc558ef8b7887790b", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "No, being an authorized user generally does not obligate you to pay the debt.\n\nIf a debt collector insists that you co-signed the account but you believe you did not, you may request that the collector provide evidence, such as a copy of a contract that you signed. Credit card issuers usually report authorized users’ status to the credit bureaus. You may be able to satisfy the debt collector that you were just an authorized user by showing the collector the relevant portion of your credit report. You can obtain a free copy of your credit report once each year at each of the three nationwide credit bureaus at www.annualcreditreport.com , by calling 1-877-322-8228, or by mailing a request.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "No, being an authorized user generally does not obligate you to pay the debt.\n\nIf a debt collector insists that you co-signed the account but you believe you did not, you may request that the collector provide evidence, such as a copy of a contract that you signed. Credit card issuers usually report authorized users’ status to the credit bureaus. You may be able to satisfy the debt collector that you were just an authorized user by showing the collector the relevant portion of your credit report. You can obtain a free copy of your credit report once each year at each of the three nationwide credit bureaus at www.annualcreditreport.com , by calling 1-877-322-8228, or by mailing a request."}]}
{"id": "d7c94baa39abd497", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/im-a-servicemember-and-im-being-contacted-by-a-debt-collector-about-a-debt-what-are-my-rights-and-where-can-i-get-help-en-1495/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/im-a-servicemember-and-im-being-contacted-by-a-debt-collector-about-a-debt-what-are-my-rights-and-where-can-i-get-help-en-1495/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "I'm a servicemember and I'm being contacted by a debt collector about a debt. What are my rights and where can I get help?", "description": "Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), servicemembers have the same harassment protections as civilians, even in non-civilian situations.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-05-31", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:48Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:06Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:06Z", "word_count": 601, "char_count": 3570, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.039, "quality_score": 0.98, "content_hash": "0eab1cc11e46da00ce61bd56e039843aadd3ee914beada9583fb27eb60f186a0", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Depending on your situation, there are different ways to respond to debt collectors. We have sample letters you can use if you're experiencing common problems.\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) says debt collectors can't harass, abuse, or mislead you or anyone else they contact. Some examples of illegal conduct are:\n\n- Calling you repeatedly with intent to annoy or harass\n\n- Contacting you at an unreasonable time (before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m., unless you agree)\n\n- Using obscene language\n\n- Making false or misleading statements, including about how much you owe\n\n- Publishing your name for not paying a debt (this does not include reporting information to a credit reporting company)\n\n- Threatening to have you arrested for not paying the debt\n\nAs a servicemember, you may also face some additional debt collection situations. For example:\n\n- Chain of command. A debt collector can contact your chain of command without your permission but usually only to find out your location, what your phone number is, and where you work. A debt collector trying to locate you cannot tell your supervisor or commander that you owe a debt. Typically, they can only speak to your supervisor or commander once to get your location information, and they can't call if they already have this information.\n\n- Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). A debt collector cannot prosecute you under the UCMJ - only the military can do that. However, servicemembers are expected to pay their legitimate financial obligations in a proper and timely manner. Failure to pay a legitimate obligation may result in disciplinary action under the UCMJ, but only if certain conditions are met. For example, there cannot be a genuine dispute between you and the debt collector about the debt.\n\n- Security clearance. Under the FDCPA, a debt collector is not permitted to share information about your debt without your permission with a third party, such as a security manager, supervisor, or commander. Failing to pay your debts on time can result in negative information being reported to credit reporting companies, which can lower your credit score and may cause your security clearance to be pulled when it is up for review. Servicemembers are expected to pay their legitimate financial obligations in a proper and timely manner.\n\nThere are different ways to respond when a debt collector contacts you. Depending on your situation, we have sample letters that can help if you:\n\n- Need more information about the debt\n\n- Do not owe the debt\n\n- Want the debt collector to stop contacting you\n\n- Want the debt collector to only contact you through your lawyer\n\n- Want to specify how the debt collector can contact you\n\nYou can report any problems to your state's attorney general . You can also sue the debt collector for violations of the FDCPA. If you sue under the FDCPA and win, the debt collector must generally pay your attorney's fees and may also have to pay you damages.\n\nIf you have an issue with a consumer financial product or service, you can also submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372). We'll forward your complaint to the company and work to get a response from them.\n\nIf you are a servicemember and have a problem with a debt collector, this factsheet has more information about your rights when a debt collector calls. You can also contact your closest legal assistance (JAG) office for more information. You may also get assistance with managing your finances from a counselor at your local military financial readiness program .", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Depending on your situation, there are different ways to respond to debt collectors. We have sample letters you can use if you're experiencing common problems.\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) says debt collectors can't harass, abuse, or mislead you or anyone else they contact. Some examples of illegal conduct are:\n\n- Calling you repeatedly with intent to annoy or harass\n\n- Contacting you at an unreasonable time (before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m., unless you agree)\n\n- Using obscene language\n\n- Making false or misleading statements, including about how much you owe\n\n- Publishing your name for not paying a debt (this does not include reporting information to a credit reporting company)\n\n- Threatening to have you arrested for not paying the debt\n\nAs a servicemember, you may also face some additional debt collection situations. For example:\n\n- Chain of command. A debt collector can contact your chain of command without your permission but usually only to find out your location, what your phone number is, and where you work. A debt collector trying to locate you cannot tell your supervisor or commander that you owe a debt. Typically, they can only speak to your supervisor or commander once to get your location information, and they can't call if they already have this information.\n\n- Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). A debt collector cannot prosecute you under the UCMJ - only the military can do that. However, servicemembers are expected to pay their legitimate financial obligations in a proper and timely manner. Failure to pay a legitimate obligation may result in disciplinary action under the UCMJ, but only if certain conditions are met. For example, there cannot be a genuine dispute between you and the debt collector about the debt.\n\n- Security clearance. Under the FDCPA, a debt collector is not permitted to share information about your debt without your permission with a third party, such as a security manager, supervisor, or commander. Failing to pay your debts on time can result in negative information being reported to credit reporting companies, which can lower your credit score and may cause your security clearance to be pulled when it is up for review. Servicemembers are expected to pay their legitimate financial obligations in a proper and timely manner.\n\nThere are different ways to respond when a debt collector contacts you. Depending on your situation, we have sample letters that can help if you:\n\n- Need more information about the debt\n\n- Do not owe the debt\n\n- Want the debt collector to stop contacting you\n\n- Want the debt collector to only contact you through your lawyer\n\n- Want to specify how the debt collector can contact you\n\nYou can report any problems to your state's attorney general . You can also sue the debt collector for violations of the FDCPA. If you sue under the FDCPA and win, the debt collector must generally pay your attorney's fees and may also have to pay you damages.\n\nIf you have an issue with a consumer financial product or service, you can also submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372). We'll forward your complaint to the company and work to get a response from them.\n\nIf you are a servicemember and have a problem with a debt collector, this factsheet has more information about your rights when a debt collector calls. You can also contact your closest legal assistance (JAG) office for more information. You may also get assistance with managing your finances from a counselor at your local military financial readiness program ."}]}
{"id": "0c2972a75a60df32", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/im-a-servicemember-and-im-being-sued-what-can-i-do-if-i-cant-make-it-to-court-to-defend-myself-or-a-default-judgment-is-entered--because-i-didnt--appear-in-court-en-1499/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/im-a-servicemember-and-im-being-sued-what-can-i-do-if-i-cant-make-it-to-court-to-defend-myself-or-a-default-judgment-is-entered--because-i-didnt--appear-in-court-en-1499/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "I'm a servicemember and I'm being sued. What can I do if I can't make it to court to defend myself or a default judgment is entered because I didn't appear in court?", "description": "If you are a servicemember who’s sued while on active duty, you have certain legal protections under the federal Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA).", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-05-31", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:49Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:07Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:07Z", "word_count": 308, "char_count": 1742, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.058, "quality_score": 0.75, "content_hash": "56ed06e530db007cfb2b424b40d3b1000c8d5e412e8be3f635c28311abd409ee", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If you are a servicemember and are sued while on active-duty, you have certain legal protections under the federal Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA).\n\nThe SCRA includes protections from a default judgment in a civil action. A default judgment is a court order in favor of the party or \"plaintiff\" suing you when you did not appear or defend yourself against the lawsuit. Some of your rights under the SCRA include:\n\n- Before the court can sign or enter a default judgment, the party suing you must file an affidavit with the court stating whether or not you are in active military service and provide facts in support of that statement. If the party suing you is unable to determine whether you are in active military service, the affidavit must state that fact.\n\n- If you are in the military and have not appeared in a case against you, the court may not enter a default judgment until it appoints an attorney to represent you.\n\n- The court must also allow for a stay of proceedings for at least 90 days if certain conditions are met.\n\nIf a default judgment is entered against you during your military service or within 60 days after the end of your service, you may be able to have the judgment reopened. An application to reopen the judgment must be filed within 90 days of your release from military service, so if you are notified of a lawsuit, you should immediately contact your closest legal assistance (JAG) office .\n\nIf you have an issue with a consumer financial product or service, you can also submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372). We'll forward your complaint to the company and work to get a response from them.\n\nLearn more about your rights under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If you are a servicemember and are sued while on active-duty, you have certain legal protections under the federal Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA).\n\nThe SCRA includes protections from a default judgment in a civil action. A default judgment is a court order in favor of the party or \"plaintiff\" suing you when you did not appear or defend yourself against the lawsuit. Some of your rights under the SCRA include:\n\n- Before the court can sign or enter a default judgment, the party suing you must file an affidavit with the court stating whether or not you are in active military service and provide facts in support of that statement. If the party suing you is unable to determine whether you are in active military service, the affidavit must state that fact.\n\n- If you are in the military and have not appeared in a case against you, the court may not enter a default judgment until it appoints an attorney to represent you.\n\n- The court must also allow for a stay of proceedings for at least 90 days if certain conditions are met.\n\nIf a default judgment is entered against you during your military service or within 60 days after the end of your service, you may be able to have the judgment reopened. An application to reopen the judgment must be filed within 90 days of your release from military service, so if you are notified of a lawsuit, you should immediately contact your closest legal assistance (JAG) office .\n\nIf you have an issue with a consumer financial product or service, you can also submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372). We'll forward your complaint to the company and work to get a response from them.\n\nLearn more about your rights under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act"}]}
{"id": "803c9159d560a45d", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/im-in-the-military-can-a-debt-collector-have-my-security-clearance-revoked-if-i-fall-behind-on-paying-my-debt-en-1493/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/im-in-the-military-can-a-debt-collector-have-my-security-clearance-revoked-if-i-fall-behind-on-paying-my-debt-en-1493/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "I'm in the military. Can a debt collector have my security clearance revoked if I fall behind on paying my debt?", "description": "A debt collector cannot revoke your security clearance. However, failing to pay debts on time can result in negative information on your credit reports and may cause your security clearance to be pulled when it's up for review.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-11-07", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:47Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:05Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:05Z", "word_count": 265, "char_count": 1572, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.054, "quality_score": 0.71, "content_hash": "24b1a388b00768717003b82c5bbdbbf24b5cb3aa77266f9e5159f49ac911c0d0", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "No, a debt collector cannot revoke your security clearance. However, failing to pay debts on time can result in negative information on your credit reports and may cause your security clearance to be pulled when it's up for review.\n\nUnder the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), a debt collector is generally not permitted to share information about your debt with a third party, such as a security manager or your chain of command, unless you provide permission.\n\nYou should know that failing to pay your debts on time can result in negative information being reported to the credit reporting companies. This can lower your credit score and may cause your security clearance to be pulled when it is up for review. Servicemembers are expected to pay their legitimate financial obligations in a proper and timely manner.\n\nThis factsheet also gives more information about your rights when a debt collector calls.\n\nIf you're having a problem with a debt collector, contact your local JAG office for more information. To find your JAG Legal Assistance Office, use the locator . You also may be able to get assistance with managing your finances and developing a plan to help you deal with your debt from a local military Personal Financial Manager .\n\nIf you believe a debt collector has inappropriately shared debt information or if you have an issue with a consumer financial product or service, you can also submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372). We'll forward your complaint to the company and work to get a response from them.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "No, a debt collector cannot revoke your security clearance. However, failing to pay debts on time can result in negative information on your credit reports and may cause your security clearance to be pulled when it's up for review.\n\nUnder the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), a debt collector is generally not permitted to share information about your debt with a third party, such as a security manager or your chain of command, unless you provide permission.\n\nYou should know that failing to pay your debts on time can result in negative information being reported to the credit reporting companies. This can lower your credit score and may cause your security clearance to be pulled when it is up for review. Servicemembers are expected to pay their legitimate financial obligations in a proper and timely manner.\n\nThis factsheet also gives more information about your rights when a debt collector calls.\n\nIf you're having a problem with a debt collector, contact your local JAG office for more information. To find your JAG Legal Assistance Office, use the locator . You also may be able to get assistance with managing your finances and developing a plan to help you deal with your debt from a local military Personal Financial Manager .\n\nIf you believe a debt collector has inappropriately shared debt information or if you have an issue with a consumer financial product or service, you can also submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372). We'll forward your complaint to the company and work to get a response from them."}]}
{"id": "5cfe287dc916804f", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/is-it-a-scam-if-a-debt-collector-calls-me-after-seeing-my-relatives-obituary-en-1483/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/is-it-a-scam-if-a-debt-collector-calls-me-after-seeing-my-relatives-obituary-en-1483/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Is it a scam if a debt collector calls me after seeing my relative's obituary?", "description": "Scammers may try to take advantage of the situation after a relative dies. If it’s a legitimate debt collector, they must follow certain rules when they contact someone about a debt.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-09-24", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:59Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:17Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:17Z", "word_count": 498, "char_count": 2871, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.094, "quality_score": 0.94, "content_hash": "d16af070668c28bdd190f0fed2eb449b5efd351471a7ac61f500af13ac800927", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Scammers may try to take advantage of the situation after a relative dies. If it’s a legitimate debt collector, they must follow certain rules when they contact someone about a debt.\n\nSome scammers check obituaries and other legal notices, and then contact relatives of the deceased posing as debt collectors. These scam artists can use your personal information to help them commit identity theft or other types of fraud.\n\nIn general, no one is obligated to pay off someone else’s debt after they pass, unless it’s a shared debt or required under state law. If a debt collector is contacting you about money owed by a relative, you have certain protections for how and when they can communicate with you. If they’re not able or willing to provide details about the debt, it may be a scam.\n\nWhen a debt collector or scammer contacts you about someone else’s debt\n\nIf a debt collector contacts you, you have the right to learn more about the debt. This doesn’t mean, however, you’re responsible for paying it, and debt collectors are not allowed to suggest that you might be responsible if you’re not. Here are steps you can take:\n\n- Avoid giving anyone your personal information. Never provide your Social Security number, birth date, or financial account numbers to anyone unless you know who you're dealing with.\n\n- Get the details of the debt in writing. In most circumstances, a legitimate debt collector must give you details about the debt during your first conversation or within 5 days of when they first contacted you. They usually do this with a written validation notice. If the debt collector knows that you’re the surviving spouse, parent of a minor who died, or a personal representative but they still refuse to give you details about the debt, then you could be dealing with a scam.\n\n- Dispute the debt if you don’t owe it. If you receive a validation notice and don’t believe you’re responsible for the debt, dispute the debt in writing within 30 days or by the deadline on the validation notice. The debt collector must stop contacting you until they validate the debt in writing.\n\n- Know that you have rights for how debt collectors can contact you. Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), debt collectors may not harass, oppress, or abuse you or any third parties they contact. You can also tell debt collectors not to contact you at certain times or places, including by phone, email, text message, or mail. If you don’t want to hear from the debt collector again, you can also send the collector a written request to stop contacting you.\n\n- Talk with a lawyer. If you’re not sure whether or not you’re responsible for paying a debt, a lawyer can help you figure it out. They can help you understand and protect your money and property from collectors under federal and state exemption laws.\n\nLearn other signs of a debt collection scam", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Scammers may try to take advantage of the situation after a relative dies. If it’s a legitimate debt collector, they must follow certain rules when they contact someone about a debt.\n\nSome scammers check obituaries and other legal notices, and then contact relatives of the deceased posing as debt collectors. These scam artists can use your personal information to help them commit identity theft or other types of fraud.\n\nIn general, no one is obligated to pay off someone else’s debt after they pass, unless it’s a shared debt or required under state law. If a debt collector is contacting you about money owed by a relative, you have certain protections for how and when they can communicate with you. If they’re not able or willing to provide details about the debt, it may be a scam."}, {"heading_path": ["When a debt collector or scammer contacts you about someone else’s debt"], "anchor": "when-a-debt-collector-or-scammer-contacts-you-about-someone-else's-debt", "text": "If a debt collector contacts you, you have the right to learn more about the debt. This doesn’t mean, however, you’re responsible for paying it, and debt collectors are not allowed to suggest that you might be responsible if you’re not. Here are steps you can take:\n\n- Avoid giving anyone your personal information. Never provide your Social Security number, birth date, or financial account numbers to anyone unless you know who you're dealing with.\n\n- Get the details of the debt in writing. In most circumstances, a legitimate debt collector must give you details about the debt during your first conversation or within 5 days of when they first contacted you. They usually do this with a written validation notice. If the debt collector knows that you’re the surviving spouse, parent of a minor who died, or a personal representative but they still refuse to give you details about the debt, then you could be dealing with a scam.\n\n- Dispute the debt if you don’t owe it. If you receive a validation notice and don’t believe you’re responsible for the debt, dispute the debt in writing within 30 days or by the deadline on the validation notice. The debt collector must stop contacting you until they validate the debt in writing.\n\n- Know that you have rights for how debt collectors can contact you. Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), debt collectors may not harass, oppress, or abuse you or any third parties they contact. You can also tell debt collectors not to contact you at certain times or places, including by phone, email, text message, or mail. If you don’t want to hear from the debt collector again, you can also send the collector a written request to stop contacting you.\n\n- Talk with a lawyer. If you’re not sure whether or not you’re responsible for paying a debt, a lawyer can help you figure it out. They can help you understand and protect your money and property from collectors under federal and state exemption laws.\n\nLearn other signs of a debt collection scam"}]}
{"id": "09328341a5bff389", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/should-i-agree-to-co-sign-someone-elses-car-loan-en-813/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/should-i-agree-to-co-sign-someone-elses-car-loan-en-813/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Should I agree to co-sign someone else’s car loan?", "description": "By co-signing a loan, you are legally obligated to repay the loan if the primary borrower is unable to.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "auto loans"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-09-12", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:56Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:14Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:14Z", "word_count": 594, "char_count": 3370, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.073, "quality_score": 0.96, "content_hash": "20130ab70e7c0e6fa4bbe2d1aa16aa23735b88c791858ab01d6368ab933f11a4", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If you co-sign a loan, you’re legally obligated to repay the loan if the primary borrower is unable to.\n\nA co-signer is someone – such as a parent, family member or a friend – who adds their information, including income and credit record, to someone else’s loan application to help the primary borrower qualify for a loan or get better loan terms.\n\nThe co-signer, however, is taking on shared financial responsibility for the loan and pledging to pay it back if the primary borrower does not. If you’re considering co-signing a loan, it’s important to first understand the risks and how you can help protect yourself.\n\nThe potential risks of co-signing an auto loan\n\nWhile you don’t necessarily have the same rights to the vehicle as the primary borrower, you – as the co-signer – are equally responsible for ensuring the loan is paid back.\n\nIf the primary borrower doesn’t make their monthly loan payment, you will be asked to make the payment. Any missed payments could also appear on your credit reports and impact your credit scores, making it harder for you to get credit in the future.\n\nDefaulting on a loan could also lead to the lender repossessing and selling the vehicle, and depending on state law, the lender could sue you and the primary borrower for the outstanding loan balance.\n\nHow to protect yourself as a co-signer\n\nBefore agreeing to become a co-signer, check your budget and make sure you’re able to make the monthly auto loan payments if you need to.\n\nYou can also request that the lender send you monthly loan statements or provide you access to the online loan account, which can alert you to missed payments and to the overall loan’s status.\n\nInformation the lender should provide before you sign\n\nAs co-signer, you should receive an advisory notice from the lender before signing the loan agreement, and it generally contains some of the following information:\n\n- You are being asked to guarantee this debt. Think carefully before you do. If the borrower doesn’t pay the debt, you will have to. Be sure you can afford to pay if you have to and that you want to accept this responsibility.\n\n- You may have to pay up to the full amount of the debt if the borrower does not pay. You may also have to pay late fees or collection costs, which increase this amount.\n\n- The creditor can collect this debt from you without first trying to collect from the borrower. The creditor can use the same collection methods against you that can be used against the borrower, such as suing you, garnishing your wages, etc. If this debt is ever in default, that fact may become a part of your credit record.\n\nWhat lenders can’t do\n\nA lender can’t force you to put your information on someone else’s loan. They also can’t force certain people, such as a spouse, to be a co-signer unless they are applying jointly for the loan.\n\nBefore signing the loan contract, make sure you fully understand and feel comfortable with the loan terms and details. If you’re feeling uncomfortable or forced to sign, you should walk away.\n\nIf you experience an issue with a financial institution, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.\n\nKnow before you shop\n\nThere are several important financial decisions to make before you agree to repay a loan. Learn what questions to ask so you can make the best choice for you.\n\nWhat you need to know before you shop for a car or auto loan", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If you co-sign a loan, you’re legally obligated to repay the loan if the primary borrower is unable to.\n\nA co-signer is someone – such as a parent, family member or a friend – who adds their information, including income and credit record, to someone else’s loan application to help the primary borrower qualify for a loan or get better loan terms.\n\nThe co-signer, however, is taking on shared financial responsibility for the loan and pledging to pay it back if the primary borrower does not. If you’re considering co-signing a loan, it’s important to first understand the risks and how you can help protect yourself."}, {"heading_path": ["The potential risks of co-signing an auto loan"], "anchor": null, "text": "While you don’t necessarily have the same rights to the vehicle as the primary borrower, you – as the co-signer – are equally responsible for ensuring the loan is paid back.\n\nIf the primary borrower doesn’t make their monthly loan payment, you will be asked to make the payment. Any missed payments could also appear on your credit reports and impact your credit scores, making it harder for you to get credit in the future.\n\nDefaulting on a loan could also lead to the lender repossessing and selling the vehicle, and depending on state law, the lender could sue you and the primary borrower for the outstanding loan balance."}, {"heading_path": ["How to protect yourself as a co-signer"], "anchor": null, "text": "Before agreeing to become a co-signer, check your budget and make sure you’re able to make the monthly auto loan payments if you need to.\n\nYou can also request that the lender send you monthly loan statements or provide you access to the online loan account, which can alert you to missed payments and to the overall loan’s status."}, {"heading_path": ["Information the lender should provide before you sign"], "anchor": null, "text": "As co-signer, you should receive an advisory notice from the lender before signing the loan agreement, and it generally contains some of the following information:\n\n- You are being asked to guarantee this debt. Think carefully before you do. If the borrower doesn’t pay the debt, you will have to. Be sure you can afford to pay if you have to and that you want to accept this responsibility.\n\n- You may have to pay up to the full amount of the debt if the borrower does not pay. You may also have to pay late fees or collection costs, which increase this amount.\n\n- The creditor can collect this debt from you without first trying to collect from the borrower. The creditor can use the same collection methods against you that can be used against the borrower, such as suing you, garnishing your wages, etc. If this debt is ever in default, that fact may become a part of your credit record."}, {"heading_path": ["What lenders can’t do"], "anchor": null, "text": "A lender can’t force you to put your information on someone else’s loan. They also can’t force certain people, such as a spouse, to be a co-signer unless they are applying jointly for the loan.\n\nBefore signing the loan contract, make sure you fully understand and feel comfortable with the loan terms and details. If you’re feeling uncomfortable or forced to sign, you should walk away.\n\nIf you experience an issue with a financial institution, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}, {"heading_path": ["Know before you shop"], "anchor": null, "text": "There are several important financial decisions to make before you agree to repay a loan. Learn what questions to ask so you can make the best choice for you.\n\nWhat you need to know before you shop for a car or auto loan"}]}
{"id": "01c36bbf96f72d6d", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/should-i-get-a-payday-loan-if-i-need-money-now-en-1583/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/should-i-get-a-payday-loan-if-i-need-money-now-en-1583/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Should I get a payday loan if I need money now?", "description": "Before choosing to take out a payday loan, think about the costs you will pay, whether you want to borrow, and how you will pay back the loan.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "payday loans"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-08-26", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:30Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:48Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:48Z", "word_count": 289, "char_count": 1593, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.016, "quality_score": 0.76, "content_hash": "852ceb8a054ab0f2ef065d4707676b45a32e9e2c4590d8211396705ed8521912", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Before choosing to take out a payday loan, think about the costs you will pay, whether you want to borrow, and how you will pay back the loan.\n\nCost\n\nIf you take out a payday loan, you will likely be charged a fee of between $10 and $30 for every $100 borrowed. A $15 per $100 fee is typical. So, if you have an emergency and need $300 today, you would have to pay back $345 in a couple of weeks, assuming a fee of $15 per $100 borrowed. If your budget is already tight, that may be hard to do. In those states that do not ban or limit renewals or rollovers,the payday lender may encourage you to pay just the fee and extend the loan another few weeks. In that case, you would spend $45 and still owe $345 when the extension is over – that means you’re spending $90 to borrow $300 for one month.\n\nChoices\n\nFirst, there may be alternative strategies available, including those that don’t involve taking out a loan. Some employers, nonprofit organizations, and community groups offer advances or emergency credit. And don’t forget about help from family or friends.\n\nSecond, if you have an account at a bank or credit union, there may be less expensive alternatives available to you, especially if you have a stable credit history. A credit card may also be another option.\n\nThird, another option might be to negotiate with the creditor or debt collector about the debt or bill you owe. A smaller repayment amount may help make repayment easier.\n\nFinally, if you are expecting a tax refund or an increase in income, think about using that money to start saving some money for the next emergency.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Before choosing to take out a payday loan, think about the costs you will pay, whether you want to borrow, and how you will pay back the loan."}, {"heading_path": ["Cost"], "anchor": "", "text": "If you take out a payday loan, you will likely be charged a fee of between $10 and $30 for every $100 borrowed. A $15 per $100 fee is typical. So, if you have an emergency and need $300 today, you would have to pay back $345 in a couple of weeks, assuming a fee of $15 per $100 borrowed. If your budget is already tight, that may be hard to do. In those states that do not ban or limit renewals or rollovers,the payday lender may encourage you to pay just the fee and extend the loan another few weeks. In that case, you would spend $45 and still owe $345 when the extension is over – that means you’re spending $90 to borrow $300 for one month."}, {"heading_path": ["Choices"], "anchor": "", "text": "First, there may be alternative strategies available, including those that don’t involve taking out a loan. Some employers, nonprofit organizations, and community groups offer advances or emergency credit. And don’t forget about help from family or friends.\n\nSecond, if you have an account at a bank or credit union, there may be less expensive alternatives available to you, especially if you have a stable credit history. A credit card may also be another option.\n\nThird, another option might be to negotiate with the creditor or debt collector about the debt or bill you owe. A smaller repayment amount may help make repayment easier.\n\nFinally, if you are expecting a tax refund or an increase in income, think about using that money to start saving some money for the next emergency."}]}
{"id": "ac8015e626fcc105", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/should-i-share-personal-information-with-a-debt-collector-en-2098/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/should-i-share-personal-information-with-a-debt-collector-en-2098/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Should I share personal information with a debt collector?", "description": "Never provide personal or sensitive information until you’ve confirmed the debt and that it’s not a scam.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-08-02", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:32Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:50Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:50Z", "word_count": 567, "char_count": 3384, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.081, "quality_score": 0.95, "content_hash": "241c04310741919169e0079bae366828e37f358963140f638c85d5b40dc2d83d", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Debt collectors may ask questions to verify your identity, but you should never provide sensitive or financial information, at least not until you’ve verified the debt and that it’s not a scam.\n\nIf you’re contacted by a debt collector, they may usually ask you for certain information to ensure they’re talking with the right person before they can start asking about the debt. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) generally limits who debt collectors can speak to about your debt, so they may ask questions to ensure they’re talking to the right person.\n\nHow to validate a debt collector’s legitimacy\n\nDebt collectors are required to provide you with certain information when or soon after they first communicate with you, in a format usually called a debt collection validation notice. Usually provided electronically or in writing, the notice is meant to help you understand whether the debt is yours, and if not, how you can dispute it.\n\nIn addition, if you are speaking to the debt collector on the phone, you can also ask them to provide:\n\n- Their name\n\n- Company name\n\n- Company street address\n\n- Telephone number\n\n- Professional license number, if your state licenses debt collectors and requires disclosure of this number\n\nLearn more about the information debt collectors are required to provide\n\nPersonal information legitimate debt collectors may request\n\nThe debt collector may ask you for personal information to verify your identity. This may include:\n\n- Your full name\n\n- Date of birth\n\n- Last four digits of your Social Security number\n\n- Past and/or current address\n\nIf you choose not to verify your identity by providing information, like your Social Security number, the debt collector will generally ask you for another form of identification, including:\n\n- Account number for the debt in question, if you know it\n\n- Other contact information, such as your current or previous address\n\n- Your phone number\n\n- One or more of your most recent transactions with amounts and dates\n\nAgain, it is your choice whether or not to provide the information requested.\n\nHow to keep your personal information safe\n\nDon’t provide personal or sensitive financial information\n\nNever give out or confirm personal or sensitive financial information – such as your bank account, credit card, or full Social Security number – unless you know the company or person you are talking with is a real debt collector.\n\nIf the debt collector is a scam, they could use this information to:\n\n- Charge your existing credit cards\n\n- Open new credit card or checking accounts\n\n- Write fraudulent checks\n\n- Take out loans in your name\n\nContact your creditor\n\nIf the debt is legitimate – but you think the collector may not be – contact your creditor about the calls. Share the information you have about the suspicious calls and find out who, if anyone, the creditor has authorized to collect the debt.\n\n- Report the call. Submit a complaint with the CFPB or get in touch with your state Attorney General's office with information about suspicious callers.\n\n- Stop speaking with the caller. If nothing else works and you believe the calls are fraudulent, send a letter demanding that the caller stop contacting you, and keep a copy for your files.\n\nLearn the warning signs of a debt collection scam\n\nIf you're having trouble with a debt collector, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Debt collectors may ask questions to verify your identity, but you should never provide sensitive or financial information, at least not until you’ve verified the debt and that it’s not a scam.\n\nIf you’re contacted by a debt collector, they may usually ask you for certain information to ensure they’re talking with the right person before they can start asking about the debt. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) generally limits who debt collectors can speak to about your debt, so they may ask questions to ensure they’re talking to the right person."}, {"heading_path": ["How to validate a debt collector’s legitimacy"], "anchor": null, "text": "Debt collectors are required to provide you with certain information when or soon after they first communicate with you, in a format usually called a debt collection validation notice. Usually provided electronically or in writing, the notice is meant to help you understand whether the debt is yours, and if not, how you can dispute it.\n\nIn addition, if you are speaking to the debt collector on the phone, you can also ask them to provide:\n\n- Their name\n\n- Company name\n\n- Company street address\n\n- Telephone number\n\n- Professional license number, if your state licenses debt collectors and requires disclosure of this number\n\nLearn more about the information debt collectors are required to provide"}, {"heading_path": ["Personal information legitimate debt collectors may request"], "anchor": null, "text": "The debt collector may ask you for personal information to verify your identity. This may include:\n\n- Your full name\n\n- Date of birth\n\n- Last four digits of your Social Security number\n\n- Past and/or current address\n\nIf you choose not to verify your identity by providing information, like your Social Security number, the debt collector will generally ask you for another form of identification, including:\n\n- Account number for the debt in question, if you know it\n\n- Other contact information, such as your current or previous address\n\n- Your phone number\n\n- One or more of your most recent transactions with amounts and dates\n\nAgain, it is your choice whether or not to provide the information requested."}, {"heading_path": ["How to keep your personal information safe", "Don’t provide personal or sensitive financial information"], "anchor": "", "text": "Never give out or confirm personal or sensitive financial information – such as your bank account, credit card, or full Social Security number – unless you know the company or person you are talking with is a real debt collector.\n\nIf the debt collector is a scam, they could use this information to:\n\n- Charge your existing credit cards\n\n- Open new credit card or checking accounts\n\n- Write fraudulent checks\n\n- Take out loans in your name"}, {"heading_path": ["How to keep your personal information safe", "Contact your creditor"], "anchor": "", "text": "If the debt is legitimate – but you think the collector may not be – contact your creditor about the calls. Share the information you have about the suspicious calls and find out who, if anyone, the creditor has authorized to collect the debt.\n\n- Report the call. Submit a complaint with the CFPB or get in touch with your state Attorney General's office with information about suspicious callers.\n\n- Stop speaking with the caller. If nothing else works and you believe the calls are fraudulent, send a letter demanding that the caller stop contacting you, and keep a copy for your files.\n\nLearn the warning signs of a debt collection scam\n\nIf you're having trouble with a debt collector, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "04e6bab07884e6d8", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-are-my-options-debt-collection-agency-contacts-me-about-student-loans-en-655/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-are-my-options-debt-collection-agency-contacts-me-about-student-loans-en-655/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What are my options if a debt collection agency contacts me about my student loans?", "description": "A debt collector may be trying to contact you because a creditor believes you are past due on the payments you owe on a debt. You have rights when dealing with debt collectors and it is against the law for a collector to harass you or make false statements to you.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-08-27", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:35Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:53Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:53Z", "word_count": 768, "char_count": 4487, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.055, "quality_score": 0.97, "content_hash": "c2d6bdd2de8891d13f22537026e760156fe5ab97446109b2bf545f42dd9eb343", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A debt collector may be trying to contact you because a creditor believes you are past due on the payments you owe on a debt. You have rights when dealing with debt collectors and it is against the law for a collector to harass you or make false statements to you.\n\nIgnoring or avoiding a debt collector is unlikely to make the debt collector stop contacting you and does not stop the debt collector from using other legal ways to collect the debt from you, if you owe it. If you believe you do not owe the debt, you should tell the debt collector.\n\nThe CFPB prepared sample letters that you can use to respond to a debt collector who is trying to collect a debt along with tips on how to use them. The sample letters may help you to get information, set ground rules about any further communication, or protect some of your rights.\n\nHow can I negotiate private student loans with debt collectors?\n\nIf you have private student loans, there are no standard options for dealing with a collection agency on a private student loan, other than paying what is owed. However, you may be able to negotiate or set up a payment plan.\n\nFor private student loan borrowers in default, it is important to remember that there are major differences between federal and private student loans. A debt collector seeking to recover a private student loan does not work for, represent, or collect on behalf of the U.S. Department of Education or any other branch of the federal government. A debt collector trying to collect payments on a private student loan generally may not:\n\n- Garnish your wages without a court order;\n\n- Intercept your federal or state tax refund;\n\n- Garnish your Social Security or Social Security disability payments; or\n\n- Prevent you from receiving federal student aid to go back to school in the future.\n\nFederal student loans\n\nIf you have federal student loans, you may have additional options in dealing with a federal student loan collector:\n\n- Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation means that your loan will be taken out of default status after you make a series of consecutive (generally, nine) on-time, reasonable, and affordable payments. You can typically only rehabilitate a loan once. This is the only way to remove the default notation from your credit history. Rehabilitation does not remove the negative information on your credit history from the missed payments prior to default. If you chose to go back to school, you'll be eligible for federal student aid again after you make the sixth of nine monthly payments.\n\n- Repayment. If you can afford to pay off your defaulted federal loan, this is the fastest way to settle your debt. Under certain circumstances, your debt collector may be authorized to waive some of your outstanding fees and other collection costs. For some borrowers, this can be the cheapest way to bring a federal student loan out of default. Even after you've repaid, the debt will continue to appear on your credit report as a defaulted loan that was repaid. You'll also be eligible for federal student aid again, if you chose to go back to school.\n\n- Consolidation. Through consolidation, your defaulted loans are paid off by a new loan with new repayment terms. If you can't afford to repay your loan in full, consolidation is the fastest way to get out of default and enroll in one of the U.S. Department of Education’s alternative payment plans. If you can't afford to pay off your loan in full, it's also the fastest way to get out of default and be eligible for federal student aid again. Consolidation will not undo the negative effect on your credit report caused by your default. When speaking with a collector, be sure that you have written documentation about what federal student debt you owe. If you're concerned that you never borrowed these loans, check the U.S. Department of Education’s Federal Student Aid website. Through this website you can access information about your federal student loans. If the loan does not appear there, contact the collector and inform it of the problem. Remember, that system shows only your federal student loans, not your private student loans.\n\nIf a debt collector refuses to offer you an option for which you believe you qualify, ask to speak with the debt collector's Special Assistance Unit. If your issue has not been resolved through the servicer's Special Assistance Unit, you may wish to review your options through the Federal Student Aid Ombudsman Group at the U.S. Department of Education.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector may be trying to contact you because a creditor believes you are past due on the payments you owe on a debt. You have rights when dealing with debt collectors and it is against the law for a collector to harass you or make false statements to you.\n\nIgnoring or avoiding a debt collector is unlikely to make the debt collector stop contacting you and does not stop the debt collector from using other legal ways to collect the debt from you, if you owe it. If you believe you do not owe the debt, you should tell the debt collector.\n\nThe CFPB prepared sample letters that you can use to respond to a debt collector who is trying to collect a debt along with tips on how to use them. The sample letters may help you to get information, set ground rules about any further communication, or protect some of your rights."}, {"heading_path": ["How can I negotiate private student loans with debt collectors?"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you have private student loans, there are no standard options for dealing with a collection agency on a private student loan, other than paying what is owed. However, you may be able to negotiate or set up a payment plan.\n\nFor private student loan borrowers in default, it is important to remember that there are major differences between federal and private student loans. A debt collector seeking to recover a private student loan does not work for, represent, or collect on behalf of the U.S. Department of Education or any other branch of the federal government. A debt collector trying to collect payments on a private student loan generally may not:\n\n- Garnish your wages without a court order;\n\n- Intercept your federal or state tax refund;\n\n- Garnish your Social Security or Social Security disability payments; or\n\n- Prevent you from receiving federal student aid to go back to school in the future.\n\nFederal student loans\n\nIf you have federal student loans, you may have additional options in dealing with a federal student loan collector:\n\n- Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation means that your loan will be taken out of default status after you make a series of consecutive (generally, nine) on-time, reasonable, and affordable payments. You can typically only rehabilitate a loan once. This is the only way to remove the default notation from your credit history. Rehabilitation does not remove the negative information on your credit history from the missed payments prior to default. If you chose to go back to school, you'll be eligible for federal student aid again after you make the sixth of nine monthly payments.\n\n- Repayment. If you can afford to pay off your defaulted federal loan, this is the fastest way to settle your debt. Under certain circumstances, your debt collector may be authorized to waive some of your outstanding fees and other collection costs. For some borrowers, this can be the cheapest way to bring a federal student loan out of default. Even after you've repaid, the debt will continue to appear on your credit report as a defaulted loan that was repaid. You'll also be eligible for federal student aid again, if you chose to go back to school.\n\n- Consolidation. Through consolidation, your defaulted loans are paid off by a new loan with new repayment terms. If you can't afford to repay your loan in full, consolidation is the fastest way to get out of default and enroll in one of the U.S. Department of Education’s alternative payment plans. If you can't afford to pay off your loan in full, it's also the fastest way to get out of default and be eligible for federal student aid again. Consolidation will not undo the negative effect on your credit report caused by your default. When speaking with a collector, be sure that you have written documentation about what federal student debt you owe. If you're concerned that you never borrowed these loans, check the U.S. Department of Education’s Federal Student Aid website. Through this website you can access information about your federal student loans. If the loan does not appear there, contact the collector and inform it of the problem. Remember, that system shows only your federal student loans, not your private student loans.\n\nIf a debt collector refuses to offer you an option for which you believe you qualify, ask to speak with the debt collector's Special Assistance Unit. If your issue has not been resolved through the servicer's Special Assistance Unit, you may wish to review your options through the Federal Student Aid Ombudsman Group at the U.S. Department of Education."}]}
{"id": "aae0d5f7c98e22a3", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-can-i-do-if-a-debt-collector-contacts-me-about-a-debt-i-already-paid-or-dont-think-i-owe-en-1403/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-can-i-do-if-a-debt-collector-contacts-me-about-a-debt-i-already-paid-or-dont-think-i-owe-en-1403/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What can I do if a debt collector contacts me about a debt I already paid or don't think I owe?", "description": "Learn what to do when a debt collector contacts you about a debt you already paid or don’t think you owe.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-08-02", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:26Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:44Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:44Z", "word_count": 668, "char_count": 3744, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.079, "quality_score": 0.95, "content_hash": "46226c8a6ae2f73b2cbcd4ac0e1c58a2c27617a07e6a01d3615dd98115defca9", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If you believe you already paid the debt, do not owe the debt, the amount is incorrect, or that it's not even your debt, you may send a written request to the debt collector to dispute the debt or receive more information.\n\nIf a debt collector contacts you about a debt you may or may not owe, don’t ignore or avoid a debt collector. Debt collectors are, in general, required by law to tell you certain information about the debt, and this information – also known as validation information or a validation notice – can help you learn more about the debt and dispute it if you don’t think that you owe it.\n\nValidation information must include:\n\n- The name of the creditor\n\n- The amount owed\n\n- That you can dispute the debt and that if you don’t dispute the debt within 30 days the debt collector will assume the debt is valid\n\n- That if you dispute the debt in writing within 30 days the debt collector will provide verification of the debt\n\n- That if you request the name and address of the original creditor within 30 days (if different from the current creditor), the debt collector will provide you that information.\n\nThe CFPB also has sample letters to help you know how best to respond to a debt collector based on your situation. Note: The CFPB’s sample letters are not legal advice.\n\nIf you don’t think you owe the debt\n\nOnce you receive the validation information or notice from the debt collector during or after your initial communication with them, you have 30 days to dispute all or part of the debt, if you don’t believe that you owe it. If you receive a validation notice, the end date of the 30-day period will be specified.\n\nOnce you’ve disputed the debt, the collector can’t call or contact you to collect the debt until they’ve responded with verification of the debt.\n\nYou can also request that the debt collector give you the name and address of the original creditor, if different from the current creditor. If you make that request in writing within 30 days, the debt collector has to stop all debt collection activities until it provides you that information.\n\nIf you’ve already paid the debt\n\nIf a debt collector contacts you about a debt you’ve already paid, let them know that you paid the debt by providing confirmation of your payments – but make sure first that you’re confident it’s not a scam.\n\nIf you’re sure that you’re talking with a legitimate debt collector, you can send copies of documents that prove you made the payments, including cancelled checks or credit card statements. You may also include copies of any correspondence about settling the debt. Don’t send original documents – only copies – so you can keep the originals as proof.\n\nIf you don't have documentation of your payments or letters saying you've paid off the debt, you can contact the creditor who you originally paid to get this information.\n\nKeep good records of your communications with a debt collector\n\nIt is a good idea to keep a file of all letters or documents a debt collector sends you and copies of anything you send to a debt collector. Also, write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you have a dispute with a debt collector, meet with a lawyer, or go to court.\n\nKeep proof that you sent your dispute to the debt collector\n\nIf you dispute the debt, make a copy of your written dispute and send the original to the debt collector. It's also generally a good idea to send the dispute by certified mail. If you pay for a \"return receipt,\" you'll have proof the debt collector received your mail.\n\nLearn more about what to do when a debt collector contacts you.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If you believe you already paid the debt, do not owe the debt, the amount is incorrect, or that it's not even your debt, you may send a written request to the debt collector to dispute the debt or receive more information.\n\nIf a debt collector contacts you about a debt you may or may not owe, don’t ignore or avoid a debt collector. Debt collectors are, in general, required by law to tell you certain information about the debt, and this information – also known as validation information or a validation notice – can help you learn more about the debt and dispute it if you don’t think that you owe it.\n\nValidation information must include:\n\n- The name of the creditor\n\n- The amount owed\n\n- That you can dispute the debt and that if you don’t dispute the debt within 30 days the debt collector will assume the debt is valid\n\n- That if you dispute the debt in writing within 30 days the debt collector will provide verification of the debt\n\n- That if you request the name and address of the original creditor within 30 days (if different from the current creditor), the debt collector will provide you that information.\n\nThe CFPB also has sample letters to help you know how best to respond to a debt collector based on your situation. Note: The CFPB’s sample letters are not legal advice."}, {"heading_path": ["If you don’t think you owe the debt"], "anchor": null, "text": "Once you receive the validation information or notice from the debt collector during or after your initial communication with them, you have 30 days to dispute all or part of the debt, if you don’t believe that you owe it. If you receive a validation notice, the end date of the 30-day period will be specified.\n\nOnce you’ve disputed the debt, the collector can’t call or contact you to collect the debt until they’ve responded with verification of the debt.\n\nYou can also request that the debt collector give you the name and address of the original creditor, if different from the current creditor. If you make that request in writing within 30 days, the debt collector has to stop all debt collection activities until it provides you that information."}, {"heading_path": ["If you’ve already paid the debt"], "anchor": null, "text": "If a debt collector contacts you about a debt you’ve already paid, let them know that you paid the debt by providing confirmation of your payments – but make sure first that you’re confident it’s not a scam.\n\nIf you’re sure that you’re talking with a legitimate debt collector, you can send copies of documents that prove you made the payments, including cancelled checks or credit card statements. You may also include copies of any correspondence about settling the debt. Don’t send original documents – only copies – so you can keep the originals as proof.\n\nIf you don't have documentation of your payments or letters saying you've paid off the debt, you can contact the creditor who you originally paid to get this information."}, {"heading_path": ["Keep good records of your communications with a debt collector"], "anchor": null, "text": "It is a good idea to keep a file of all letters or documents a debt collector sends you and copies of anything you send to a debt collector. Also, write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you have a dispute with a debt collector, meet with a lawyer, or go to court."}, {"heading_path": ["Keep proof that you sent your dispute to the debt collector"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you dispute the debt, make a copy of your written dispute and send the original to the debt collector. It's also generally a good idea to send the dispute by certified mail. If you pay for a \"return receipt,\" you'll have proof the debt collector received your mail.\n\nLearn more about what to do when a debt collector contacts you.\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "9c8bf6a97d84e585", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-information-does-a-debt-collector-have-to-give-me-about-the-debt-en-331/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-information-does-a-debt-collector-have-to-give-me-about-the-debt-en-331/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What information does a debt collector have to give me about a debt they’re trying to collect from me?", "description": "In nearly all cases, debt collectors are legally required to provide you with certain information about the debt when or soon after they contact you.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-01-29", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:09Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:27Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:27Z", "word_count": 449, "char_count": 2633, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.102, "quality_score": 0.88, "content_hash": "2a7279ba0d0c5f1162378632cc24c6058acc478ce4ef2d96a10725bb83821162", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Under the debt collection rule, debt collectors have to provide you with certain information about your debt, known as validation information. Generally, this information is provided in a written notice sent as the initial communication to you or within five days of their first communication with you, and it may be sent by mail or electronically.\n\nWhat information is required to be in the validation notice from a debt collector about my debt?\n\nThe information helps you recognize whether the debt is yours and, if not, how to dispute it.\n\n- A statement that the communication is from a debt collector\n\n- Your name and mailing information, along with the name and mailing information of the debt collector\n\n- The name of the creditor you owe the debt to\n\n- It is possible that more than one creditor will be listed\n\n- The account number associated with the debt (if any)\n\n- An itemization of the current amount of the debt that reflects interest, fees, payments, and credits since a particular date\n\n- The current amount of the debt when the notice is provided\n\n- Information you can use to reply to the debt collector, such as if you believe the debt is not yours or if the amount is wrong\n\n- An end date for a 30-day period when you can dispute the debt\n\nYou may see other information on your notice, but the information listed above generally must be included. If you think a debt collector failed to give you this information, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.\n\nDisputing a debt\n\nOnce you receive the debt validation information, you have 30 days to dispute the debt in writing. Failing to request verification in writing or within this time period can affect your ability to assert your rights under the debt collection rule.\n\nAlso, if you send the debt collector the written verification request or request for information about the original creditor within this 30-day period, the debt collector must pause collecting the amount of the debt you are disputing until they’ve adequately responded to your request.\n\nIf you’re being contacted by a debt collector, you have rights and protections under federal law, and the rights and protections apply to how and when they can contact you. Learn more about your debt collection protections.\n\nStill having trouble with debt collection?\n\nCompanies can usually answer questions unique to your situation and more specific to the products and services they offer. If you have a complaint, tell us about your issue—we’ll forward your issue to the company, give you a tracking number, and keep you updated on the status of your complaint.\n\nLearn how the complaint process works", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Under the debt collection rule, debt collectors have to provide you with certain information about your debt, known as validation information. Generally, this information is provided in a written notice sent as the initial communication to you or within five days of their first communication with you, and it may be sent by mail or electronically."}, {"heading_path": ["What information is required to be in the validation notice from a debt collector about my debt?"], "anchor": null, "text": "The information helps you recognize whether the debt is yours and, if not, how to dispute it.\n\n- A statement that the communication is from a debt collector\n\n- Your name and mailing information, along with the name and mailing information of the debt collector\n\n- The name of the creditor you owe the debt to\n\n- It is possible that more than one creditor will be listed\n\n- The account number associated with the debt (if any)\n\n- An itemization of the current amount of the debt that reflects interest, fees, payments, and credits since a particular date\n\n- The current amount of the debt when the notice is provided\n\n- Information you can use to reply to the debt collector, such as if you believe the debt is not yours or if the amount is wrong\n\n- An end date for a 30-day period when you can dispute the debt\n\nYou may see other information on your notice, but the information listed above generally must be included. If you think a debt collector failed to give you this information, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}, {"heading_path": ["Disputing a debt"], "anchor": "disputing-a-debt", "text": "Once you receive the debt validation information, you have 30 days to dispute the debt in writing. Failing to request verification in writing or within this time period can affect your ability to assert your rights under the debt collection rule.\n\nAlso, if you send the debt collector the written verification request or request for information about the original creditor within this 30-day period, the debt collector must pause collecting the amount of the debt you are disputing until they’ve adequately responded to your request.\n\nIf you’re being contacted by a debt collector, you have rights and protections under federal law, and the rights and protections apply to how and when they can contact you. Learn more about your debt collection protections."}, {"heading_path": ["Still having trouble with debt collection?"], "anchor": "still-having-trouble-with-debt-collection", "text": "Companies can usually answer questions unique to your situation and more specific to the products and services they offer. If you have a complaint, tell us about your issue—we’ll forward your issue to the company, give you a tracking number, and keep you updated on the status of your complaint.\n\nLearn how the complaint process works"}]}
{"id": "dabc365ebab80f81", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-credit-report-en-309/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-credit-report-en-309/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is a credit report?", "description": "A credit report is a statement that has information about your credit activity and current credit situation such as loan paying history and the status of your credit accounts.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "credit reports and scores"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-29", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:15Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:33Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:33Z", "word_count": 345, "char_count": 2123, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.023, "quality_score": 0.81, "content_hash": "ee32f7754762c7e7372f2239a79095558db675156cf7faa0ad999735a4fb15b8", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A credit report is a statement that has information about your credit activity and current credit situation such as loan paying history and the status of your credit accounts.\n\nMost people have more than one credit report. Credit reporting companies, also known as credit bureaus or consumer reporting agencies, collect and store financial data about you that is submitted to them by creditors, such as lenders, credit card companies, and other financial companies. Creditors are not required to report to every credit reporting company.\n\nLenders use these reports to help them decide if they will loan you money, what interest rates they will offer you. Lenders also use your credit report to determine whether you continue to meet the terms of an existing credit account. Other businesses might use your credit reports to help decide insurance rates, whether to approve a rental application, how much of a deposit you need to pay, and the cost and terms of services such as cable TV, internet, utilities, and cell phone plans. If you agree to let an employer look at your credit report, it may also be used to make employment decisions about you.\n\nWhat kind of information appears on a credit report?\n\nCredit reports often contain the following information:\n\nPersonal information\n\n- Your name and any name you may have used in the past in connection with a credit account, including nicknames\n\n- Current and former addresses\n\n- Birth date\n\n- Social Security number\n\n- Phone numbers\n\nCredit accounts\n\n- Current and historical credit accounts, including the type of account (mortgage, installment, revolving, etc.) and account status (for example, Foreclosure)\n\n- The credit limit or amount\n\n- Account balance\n\n- Account payment history\n\n- The date the account was opened and closed\n\n- The name of the creditor\n\nCollection items\n\n- Missed payments\n\n- Loans sent to collections\n\n- Information on overdue child support provided by a state or local child support agency or verified by any local, state, or federal government agency\n\nPublic records\n\n- Bankruptcies\n\nInquiries\n\n- Companies that have accessed your credit report.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A credit report is a statement that has information about your credit activity and current credit situation such as loan paying history and the status of your credit accounts.\n\nMost people have more than one credit report. Credit reporting companies, also known as credit bureaus or consumer reporting agencies, collect and store financial data about you that is submitted to them by creditors, such as lenders, credit card companies, and other financial companies. Creditors are not required to report to every credit reporting company.\n\nLenders use these reports to help them decide if they will loan you money, what interest rates they will offer you. Lenders also use your credit report to determine whether you continue to meet the terms of an existing credit account. Other businesses might use your credit reports to help decide insurance rates, whether to approve a rental application, how much of a deposit you need to pay, and the cost and terms of services such as cable TV, internet, utilities, and cell phone plans. If you agree to let an employer look at your credit report, it may also be used to make employment decisions about you."}, {"heading_path": ["What kind of information appears on a credit report?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Credit reports often contain the following information:"}, {"heading_path": ["What kind of information appears on a credit report?", "Personal information"], "anchor": "", "text": "- Your name and any name you may have used in the past in connection with a credit account, including nicknames\n\n- Current and former addresses\n\n- Birth date\n\n- Social Security number\n\n- Phone numbers"}, {"heading_path": ["What kind of information appears on a credit report?", "Credit accounts"], "anchor": "", "text": "- Current and historical credit accounts, including the type of account (mortgage, installment, revolving, etc.) and account status (for example, Foreclosure)\n\n- The credit limit or amount\n\n- Account balance\n\n- Account payment history\n\n- The date the account was opened and closed\n\n- The name of the creditor"}, {"heading_path": ["What kind of information appears on a credit report?", "Collection items"], "anchor": "", "text": "- Missed payments\n\n- Loans sent to collections\n\n- Information on overdue child support provided by a state or local child support agency or verified by any local, state, or federal government agency"}, {"heading_path": ["What kind of information appears on a credit report?", "Public records"], "anchor": "", "text": "- Bankruptcies"}, {"heading_path": ["What kind of information appears on a credit report?", "Inquiries"], "anchor": "", "text": "- Companies that have accessed your credit report."}]}
{"id": "ea09aeb02ba8cc4f", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-credit-score-en-315/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-credit-score-en-315/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is a credit score?", "description": "A credit score is a prediction of how likely you are to pay a loan back on time based on information from your credit reports.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "credit reports and scores"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-09-02", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:16Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:34Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:34Z", "word_count": 269, "char_count": 1515, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.07, "quality_score": 0.7, "content_hash": "7eb160a8a5ef8877633fc0259a074600659cf1c79a621d1cc98a0c4e9ebdee08", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A credit score is a prediction of your credit behavior, such as how likely you are to pay a loan back on time, based on information from your credit reports.\n\nCompanies use credit scores to make decisions on whether to offer you a mortgage, credit card, auto loan, and other credit products, as well as for tenant screening and insurance. They are also used to determine the interest rate and credit limit you receive.\n\nCompanies use a mathematical formula—called a scoring model—to create your credit score from the information in your credit report.\n\nWhat factors impact my credit score?\n\nFactors that are typically taken into account by credit scoring models include:\n\n- Your bill-paying history\n\n- Your current unpaid debt\n\n- The number and type of loan accounts you have\n\n- How long you have had your loan accounts open\n\n- How much of your available credit you’re using\n\n- New applications for credit\n\n- Whether you have had a debt sent to collection, a foreclosure, or a bankruptcy, and how long ago\n\nYou do not have just “one” credit score. Each credit score depends on the data used to calculate it, and it may differ depending on the scoring model (which itself may depend on the type of loan product the score will be used for), the source of the data used, and even the day when it was calculated.\n\nUsually a higher score makes it easier to qualify for a loan and may result in a better interest rate or loan terms. Most credit scores range from 300-850.\n\nLearn how to access your credit scores for free.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A credit score is a prediction of your credit behavior, such as how likely you are to pay a loan back on time, based on information from your credit reports.\n\nCompanies use credit scores to make decisions on whether to offer you a mortgage, credit card, auto loan, and other credit products, as well as for tenant screening and insurance. They are also used to determine the interest rate and credit limit you receive.\n\nCompanies use a mathematical formula—called a scoring model—to create your credit score from the information in your credit report."}, {"heading_path": ["What factors impact my credit score?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Factors that are typically taken into account by credit scoring models include:\n\n- Your bill-paying history\n\n- Your current unpaid debt\n\n- The number and type of loan accounts you have\n\n- How long you have had your loan accounts open\n\n- How much of your available credit you’re using\n\n- New applications for credit\n\n- Whether you have had a debt sent to collection, a foreclosure, or a bankruptcy, and how long ago\n\nYou do not have just “one” credit score. Each credit score depends on the data used to calculate it, and it may differ depending on the scoring model (which itself may depend on the type of loan product the score will be used for), the source of the data used, and even the day when it was calculated.\n\nUsually a higher score makes it easier to qualify for a loan and may result in a better interest rate or loan terms. Most credit scores range from 300-850.\n\nLearn how to access your credit scores for free."}]}
{"id": "5744634b206510f3", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-debt-collector-and-why-are-they-contacting-me-en-330/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-debt-collector-and-why-are-they-contacting-me-en-330/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is a debt collector and why are they contacting me?", "description": "What is a debt collector? Why is a debt collector contacting me? Click to learn more.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:21Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:39Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:39Z", "word_count": 402, "char_count": 2305, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.123, "quality_score": 0.82, "content_hash": "aa0da278bc2ace07d9792bd3779fd91723a9b1fd8a874fcabc0d50d1a676f701", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "A debt collector is generally a person or company that regularly collects debts owed to others or who has the primary purpose of collecting debts. They’re likely contacting you because they’re trying to reach a person who may owe a specific debt.\n\nDebt collectors can include collection agencies or lawyers who collect debts as part of their business. There are also companies that buy past-due debts from creditors or other businesses and then try to collect them. These companies are also often called debt collection agencies, debt collection companies, or debt buyers.\n\nWhy is a debt collector calling me?\n\nA debt collector may be trying to contact you because:\n\n- A creditor believes you are past due on a debt. Creditors may use their own in-house debt collectors or may refer or sell your debt to an outside debt collector.\n\n- A debt collector also may be calling you to locate someone you know, but the collector is not allowed to reveal that the consumer owes any debt.\n\n- A debt buyer has bought the debt and is now collecting that debt themselves or by using other debt collectors.\n\nIf the debt collector is contacting you for payment on a debt, there is certain information they usually must give you in the initial communication or within five days of that initial communication.\n\nIf you don’t believe you owe the debt or believe the amount is wrong, you can dispute it with the debt collector and the credit reporting company, if the debt appears on your credit report. If you dispute the debt in writing within 30 days of receiving the required information about the debt from the collector, then the debt collector must send you verification of the debt. You can also ask the debt collector for additional information.\n\nLearn more about what to do if a debt collector contacts you\n\nGetting a debt collector to stop calling you\n\nYou can ask a debt collector to stop contacting you. Asking them to stop contacting you will not necessarily stop them from suing you or reporting the debt to a credit reporting company, which can affect your credit report and credit scores. If you don’t owe the debt or have already paid the debt, it is important to take action to contest the attempt to collect the debt.\n\nIf you're having issues with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector is generally a person or company that regularly collects debts owed to others or who has the primary purpose of collecting debts. They’re likely contacting you because they’re trying to reach a person who may owe a specific debt.\n\nDebt collectors can include collection agencies or lawyers who collect debts as part of their business. There are also companies that buy past-due debts from creditors or other businesses and then try to collect them. These companies are also often called debt collection agencies, debt collection companies, or debt buyers."}, {"heading_path": ["Why is a debt collector calling me?"], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector may be trying to contact you because:\n\n- A creditor believes you are past due on a debt. Creditors may use their own in-house debt collectors or may refer or sell your debt to an outside debt collector.\n\n- A debt collector also may be calling you to locate someone you know, but the collector is not allowed to reveal that the consumer owes any debt.\n\n- A debt buyer has bought the debt and is now collecting that debt themselves or by using other debt collectors.\n\nIf the debt collector is contacting you for payment on a debt, there is certain information they usually must give you in the initial communication or within five days of that initial communication.\n\nIf you don’t believe you owe the debt or believe the amount is wrong, you can dispute it with the debt collector and the credit reporting company, if the debt appears on your credit report. If you dispute the debt in writing within 30 days of receiving the required information about the debt from the collector, then the debt collector must send you verification of the debt. You can also ask the debt collector for additional information.\n\nLearn more about what to do if a debt collector contacts you"}, {"heading_path": ["Getting a debt collector to stop calling you"], "anchor": null, "text": "You can ask a debt collector to stop contacting you. Asking them to stop contacting you will not necessarily stop them from suing you or reporting the debt to a credit reporting company, which can affect your credit report and credit scores. If you don’t owe the debt or have already paid the debt, it is important to take action to contest the attempt to collect the debt.\n\nIf you're having issues with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB"}]}
{"id": "979a6a81c8e5c39f", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-debt-relief-program-and-how-do-i-know-if-i-should-use-one-en-1457/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-debt-relief-program-and-how-do-i-know-if-i-should-use-one-en-1457/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is a debt relief program and how do I know if I should use one?", "description": "Debt relief or settlement companies typically offer to work with creditors to renegotiate, settle, or change the terms of a debt – but working with these companies can be risky.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-08-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:24Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:42Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:42Z", "word_count": 847, "char_count": 4974, "reading_time_minutes": 4, "link_density": 0.057, "quality_score": 0.97, "content_hash": "1ca059d89294563a0f09d74ade6f3dfd98c090b0b7ba17a9d036becfed15ac65", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Debt relief or settlement companies are companies that say they can renegotiate, settle, or in some way change the terms of a person's debt to a creditor or debt collector. Dealing with these companies can be risky.\n\nDebt settlement companies, also sometimes called \"debt relief\" or \"debt adjusting\" companies, often claim they can negotiate with your creditors to reduce the amount you owe. Consider all of your options, including working with a nonprofit credit counselor and negotiating directly with the creditor or debt collector yourself. Before agreeing to work with a debt settlement company, there are risks that you should consider:\n\n- Debt settlement companies often charge expensive fees.\n\n- Debt settlement companies typically encourage you to stop paying your credit card bills. If you stop paying your bills, you will usually incur late fees, penalty interest and other charges, and creditors will likely step up their collection efforts against you.\n\n- Some of your creditors may refuse to work with the company you choose.\n\n- In many cases, the debt settlement company will be unable to settle all of your debts.\n\n- If you do business with a debt settlement company, the company may tell you to put money in a dedicated bank account, which will be managed by a third party. You might be charged fees for using this account.\n\n- Working with a debt settlement company may lead to a creditor filing a debt collection lawsuit against you.\n\n- Unless the debt settlement company settles all or most of your debts, the built-up penalties and fees on the unsettled debts may wipe out any savings the debt settlement company achieves on the debts it settles.\n\n- Using debt settlement services can have a negative impact on your credit scores and your ability to get credit in the future.\n\nWarning: Debt settlement may well leave you deeper in debt than you were when you started. Most debt settlement companies will ask you to stop paying your debts in order to get creditors to negotiate and in order to collect the funds required for a settlement. This can have a negative effect on your credit score and may result in the creditor or debt collector filing a lawsuit while you are collecting funds required for a settlement. And if you stop making payments on a credit card, late fees and interest will be added to the debt each month. If you exceed your credit limit, additional fees and charges may apply. This can cause your original debt to increase.\n\nAvoid doing business with any company that promises to settle your debt if the company:\n\n- Charges any fees before it settles your debts;\n\n- Represents that it can settle all of your debt for a promised percentage reduction;\n\n- Touts a \"new government program\" to bail out personal credit card debt;\n\n- Guarantees it can make your debt go away;\n\n- Tells you to stop communicating with your creditors;\n\n- Tells you it can stop all debt collection calls and lawsuits; or\n\n- Guarantees that your unsecured debts can be paid off for pennies on the dollar.\n\nAn alternative to a debt settlement company is a non-profit consumer credit counseling service. These non-profits can attempt to work with you and your creditors to develop a debt management plan that you can afford, and that can help get you out of debt. They usually will also help you develop a budget and provide other financial counseling.\n\nAlso, you may want to consider consulting a bankruptcy attorney, who may be able to provide you with your options under the law. Some bankruptcy attorneys will speak to you initially free of charge.\n\nWarning: There could be tax consequences for debt forgiveness. If a portion of your debt is forgiven by the creditor, it could be counted as taxable income on your federal income taxes. You may want to consult a tax advisor or tax attorney to learn how forgiven debt affects your federal income tax.\n\nFor servicemembers with loans taken out before entering active duty military service, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA) provides a variety of protections, including an interest rate reduction down to 6 percent and foreclosure protections. View our fact sheet to learn more.\n\nIf you are on active duty when you refinance or consolidate your loans, the new loan will not be covered under the protections of the SCRA since it is no longer considered a pre-service loan. For example, if you took out a student loan before you entered active duty, but then consolidate that student loan after entering active duty, you would not then be able to request an interest rate reduction down to 6 percent on that new consolidation loan. Or, if you took out a mortgage before you entered active duty, and refinance during active duty, you would lose the foreclosure protections provided under the SCRA.\n\nIf you still have questions about your rights under the SCRA, contact your closest legal assistance (JAG) office for more information. You also may be able to get assistance from your state attorney general .", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Debt relief or settlement companies are companies that say they can renegotiate, settle, or in some way change the terms of a person's debt to a creditor or debt collector. Dealing with these companies can be risky.\n\nDebt settlement companies, also sometimes called \"debt relief\" or \"debt adjusting\" companies, often claim they can negotiate with your creditors to reduce the amount you owe. Consider all of your options, including working with a nonprofit credit counselor and negotiating directly with the creditor or debt collector yourself. Before agreeing to work with a debt settlement company, there are risks that you should consider:\n\n- Debt settlement companies often charge expensive fees.\n\n- Debt settlement companies typically encourage you to stop paying your credit card bills. If you stop paying your bills, you will usually incur late fees, penalty interest and other charges, and creditors will likely step up their collection efforts against you.\n\n- Some of your creditors may refuse to work with the company you choose.\n\n- In many cases, the debt settlement company will be unable to settle all of your debts.\n\n- If you do business with a debt settlement company, the company may tell you to put money in a dedicated bank account, which will be managed by a third party. You might be charged fees for using this account.\n\n- Working with a debt settlement company may lead to a creditor filing a debt collection lawsuit against you.\n\n- Unless the debt settlement company settles all or most of your debts, the built-up penalties and fees on the unsettled debts may wipe out any savings the debt settlement company achieves on the debts it settles.\n\n- Using debt settlement services can have a negative impact on your credit scores and your ability to get credit in the future.\n\nWarning: Debt settlement may well leave you deeper in debt than you were when you started. Most debt settlement companies will ask you to stop paying your debts in order to get creditors to negotiate and in order to collect the funds required for a settlement. This can have a negative effect on your credit score and may result in the creditor or debt collector filing a lawsuit while you are collecting funds required for a settlement. And if you stop making payments on a credit card, late fees and interest will be added to the debt each month. If you exceed your credit limit, additional fees and charges may apply. This can cause your original debt to increase."}, {"heading_path": ["Avoid doing business with any company that promises to settle your debt if the company:"], "anchor": null, "text": "- Charges any fees before it settles your debts;\n\n- Represents that it can settle all of your debt for a promised percentage reduction;\n\n- Touts a \"new government program\" to bail out personal credit card debt;\n\n- Guarantees it can make your debt go away;\n\n- Tells you to stop communicating with your creditors;\n\n- Tells you it can stop all debt collection calls and lawsuits; or\n\n- Guarantees that your unsecured debts can be paid off for pennies on the dollar.\n\nAn alternative to a debt settlement company is a non-profit consumer credit counseling service. These non-profits can attempt to work with you and your creditors to develop a debt management plan that you can afford, and that can help get you out of debt. They usually will also help you develop a budget and provide other financial counseling.\n\nAlso, you may want to consider consulting a bankruptcy attorney, who may be able to provide you with your options under the law. Some bankruptcy attorneys will speak to you initially free of charge.\n\nWarning: There could be tax consequences for debt forgiveness. If a portion of your debt is forgiven by the creditor, it could be counted as taxable income on your federal income taxes. You may want to consult a tax advisor or tax attorney to learn how forgiven debt affects your federal income tax.\n\nFor servicemembers with loans taken out before entering active duty military service, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA) provides a variety of protections, including an interest rate reduction down to 6 percent and foreclosure protections. View our fact sheet to learn more.\n\nIf you are on active duty when you refinance or consolidate your loans, the new loan will not be covered under the protections of the SCRA since it is no longer considered a pre-service loan. For example, if you took out a student loan before you entered active duty, but then consolidate that student loan after entering active duty, you would not then be able to request an interest rate reduction down to 6 percent on that new consolidation loan. Or, if you took out a mortgage before you entered active duty, and refinance during active duty, you would lose the foreclosure protections provided under the SCRA.\n\nIf you still have questions about your rights under the SCRA, contact your closest legal assistance (JAG) office for more information. You also may be able to get assistance from your state attorney general ."}]}
{"id": "7cb48f9edc175df7", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-judgment-en-1381/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-judgment-en-1381/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is a judgment?", "description": "In a debt collection lawsuit, a judgment is a court order that allows the debt collector to use stronger tools, like garnishment, to collect the debt.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-05-15", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:37Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:55Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:55Z", "word_count": 187, "char_count": 1036, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.06, "quality_score": 0.62, "content_hash": "ca134c0195830d830e4a8c5b9b5103e30d6a9d9006c6ba31e6fe9202b2f0933c", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "In a debt collection lawsuit, a judgment is a court order that allows the debt collector to use stronger tools, like garnishment, to collect the debt.\n\nA judgment is an official result of a lawsuit in court. If a debt collector sues you in court, the judge could award the creditor or debt collector a judgment against you.\n\nWhat are behaviors that make it more likely for a judgment to be entered against me?\n\nYou are likely to have a judgment entered against you, requiring you to pay the amount claimed in the lawsuit, if you:\n\n- Ignore the lawsuit\n\n- Don’t respond to the lawsuit in a timely manner\n\nThe court can also order you to pay the costs of collecting the debt, interest charges, or attorney fees.\n\nImportant: Judgments give debt collectors much stronger tools to collect the debt from you, including wage or bank account garnishments, as well as putting on a lien on your home. A lien is a legal right to the value of your property, and generally liens must be paid off before you sell your home or refinance your mortgage.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "In a debt collection lawsuit, a judgment is a court order that allows the debt collector to use stronger tools, like garnishment, to collect the debt.\n\nA judgment is an official result of a lawsuit in court. If a debt collector sues you in court, the judge could award the creditor or debt collector a judgment against you."}, {"heading_path": ["What are behaviors that make it more likely for a judgment to be entered against me?"], "anchor": null, "text": "You are likely to have a judgment entered against you, requiring you to pay the amount claimed in the lawsuit, if you:\n\n- Ignore the lawsuit\n\n- Don’t respond to the lawsuit in a timely manner\n\nThe court can also order you to pay the costs of collecting the debt, interest charges, or attorney fees.\n\nImportant: Judgments give debt collectors much stronger tools to collect the debt from you, including wage or bank account garnishments, as well as putting on a lien on your home. A lien is a legal right to the value of your property, and generally liens must be paid off before you sell your home or refinance your mortgage."}]}
{"id": "86c63688cfa15a11", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-limited-content-message-en-2113/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-limited-content-message-en-2113/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is a “limited-content message?”", "description": "A limited-content message is a voicemail from a debt collector containing required information and that does not identify the caller as a debt collector.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-08-27", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:33Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:51Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:51Z", "word_count": 281, "char_count": 1753, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.1, "quality_score": 0.7, "content_hash": "1d1f9e84ec49f4448c0edf1a63a041a6ba732d794dcfb7f4e2f46ad1001d4187", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Under the CFPB’s Debt Collection Rule, a “limited-content message” is a voicemail message left by a debt collector that must contain required information and may contain other optional information.\n\nUnder the Debt Collection Rule, this is a voicemail message left for a consumer that must contain required information and may contain other optional information. A limited-content message is not a “communication,” meaning that it is not subject to other legal requirements and prohibitions. For example, a debt collector who leaves only a limited-content message does not violate the prohibition against third-party communications.\n\nFor a voicemail message to be a “limited-content message,” it must include the following information:\n\n- A business name that does not indicate that the caller is a debt collector\n\n- Telephone number(s) you can use to reply to the caller\n\n- A request that you reply and the names of the people who you can contact to reply\n\nThe debt collector may also include the following optional information:\n\n- A salutation\n\n- The date and time of the message\n\n- Suggested dates and times for you to reply\n\n- That you may speak to any of the company’s representatives\n\nTo be a “limited-content message,” the voicemail message cannot contain any other information. Messages other than voicemail messages, such as text messages, are not limited-content messages. For more information about the definition of a limited-content message under the Debt Collection Rule, see Section 3.3 in the Debt Collection Small Entity Compliance Guide .\n\nLearn more about limits on what a debt collector can say or do.\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372)", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Under the CFPB’s Debt Collection Rule, a “limited-content message” is a voicemail message left by a debt collector that must contain required information and may contain other optional information.\n\nUnder the Debt Collection Rule, this is a voicemail message left for a consumer that must contain required information and may contain other optional information. A limited-content message is not a “communication,” meaning that it is not subject to other legal requirements and prohibitions. For example, a debt collector who leaves only a limited-content message does not violate the prohibition against third-party communications.\n\nFor a voicemail message to be a “limited-content message,” it must include the following information:\n\n- A business name that does not indicate that the caller is a debt collector\n\n- Telephone number(s) you can use to reply to the caller\n\n- A request that you reply and the names of the people who you can contact to reply\n\nThe debt collector may also include the following optional information:\n\n- A salutation\n\n- The date and time of the message\n\n- Suggested dates and times for you to reply\n\n- That you may speak to any of the company’s representatives\n\nTo be a “limited-content message,” the voicemail message cannot contain any other information. Messages other than voicemail messages, such as text messages, are not limited-content messages. For more information about the definition of a limited-content message under the Debt Collection Rule, see Section 3.3 in the Debt Collection Small Entity Compliance Guide .\n\nLearn more about limits on what a debt collector can say or do.\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB online or by calling (855) 411-CFPB (2372)"}]}
{"id": "2053bf07009362b2", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-an-original-creditor-and-what-is-the-difference-between-an-original-creditor-and-a-debt-collector-en-1387/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-an-original-creditor-and-what-is-the-difference-between-an-original-creditor-and-a-debt-collector-en-1387/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is an original creditor and what is the difference between an original creditor and a debt collector?", "description": "The original creditor is the company that gave you the loan or credit.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2022-08-24", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:12Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:30Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:30Z", "word_count": 104, "char_count": 570, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 0.46, "content_hash": "10917050ee2a9191b2bb714aeba4c1606aac7c9aa565a397f57c8b729df2f854", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "The original creditor is the company that gave you the loan or credit.\n\nAn original creditor may attempt to collect a past due debt or account itself, or it may hire a debt collector. A debt collector is generally a third party who has been contracted to collect your debt or account. The name of the company contacting you about an unpaid debt may be different than the original creditor who gave you the loan or credit. The original creditor also may sell your debt or account to another party who may then collect the debt or place it with a different debt collector.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "The original creditor is the company that gave you the loan or credit.\n\nAn original creditor may attempt to collect a past due debt or account itself, or it may hire a debt collector. A debt collector is generally a third party who has been contracted to collect your debt or account. The name of the company contacting you about an unpaid debt may be different than the original creditor who gave you the loan or credit. The original creditor also may sell your debt or account to another party who may then collect the debt or place it with a different debt collector."}]}
{"id": "0db1adedddd2bd11", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-an-unfair-deceptive-or-abusive-practice-by-a-debt-collector-en-1401/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-an-unfair-deceptive-or-abusive-practice-by-a-debt-collector-en-1401/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is an unfair, deceptive or abusive practice by a debt collector?", "description": "Federal law makes it illegal for debt collectors to use unfair practices or deceptive statements to collect a debt.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:23Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:41Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:41Z", "word_count": 460, "char_count": 2720, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.07, "quality_score": 0.91, "content_hash": "c89d43a4b7336cb75447dc0828064d814b61a0c61f760c1b11da4015106b675a", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Federal law makes it illegal for debt collectors to use unfair or abusive practices or deceptive statements to collect a debt.\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) prohibits debt collectors from using abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices to collect debts from you, including:\n\n- Misrepresenting the nature of the debt, including the amount owed\n\n- Falsely claiming that the person contacting you is an attorney\n\n- Threatening to have you arrested\n\n- Threatening to do things that can’t legally be done or threatening to do things that the debt collector has no intention of doing.\n\nExamples of unfair practices\n\nHere are a few examples of what the FDCPA would consider a prohibited practice used to collect on a debt. Debt collectors are not allowed to:\n\n- Try to collect charges in addition to the debt unless they are allowed by the contract or law\n\n- Communicate or attempt to communicate with you in connection with the collection of a debt through a social media platform if the communication or attempt to communicate is viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts\n\n- Communicate with you by sending an email that the debt collector knows is provided to you by your employer, unless an exception applies\n\n- Use any language or symbol on an envelope for correspondence with you that indicates it is a debt collector, other than the debt collector’s address or business name that doesn’t indicate it’s in the debt collection business\n\nExamples of false or deceptive statements\n\nDebt collectors are not allowed to falsely claim or imply that:\n\n- They are attorneys or government representatives\n\n- You have committed a crime by not paying a debt\n\n- They operate or work for a credit reporting company\n\n- You will be arrested or imprisoned if you don’t pay\n\n- They will garnish or seize your wages, bank account, or property\n\n- Documents that they send you are legal documents if they aren’t\n\nExamples of harassment by a debt collector\n\nA debt collector is also not allowed to harass, oppress, or abuse you or anyone else they contact. This includes repetitious phone calls with the intent to harass, use of obscene or profane language, and threats of violence or harm.\n\nLearn more about what’s considered an abusive practice\n\nWhat to do if you think a debt collector violated the law\n\nIf you believe a debt collector is using an unfair, deceptive or abusive practice to collect a debt, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB and the Federal Trade Commission .\n\nThere are also state and other federal laws that generally prohibit practices that might be considered unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices. You can report the incidents to your state's attorney general .", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Federal law makes it illegal for debt collectors to use unfair or abusive practices or deceptive statements to collect a debt.\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) prohibits debt collectors from using abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices to collect debts from you, including:\n\n- Misrepresenting the nature of the debt, including the amount owed\n\n- Falsely claiming that the person contacting you is an attorney\n\n- Threatening to have you arrested\n\n- Threatening to do things that can’t legally be done or threatening to do things that the debt collector has no intention of doing."}, {"heading_path": ["Examples of unfair practices"], "anchor": null, "text": "Here are a few examples of what the FDCPA would consider a prohibited practice used to collect on a debt. Debt collectors are not allowed to:\n\n- Try to collect charges in addition to the debt unless they are allowed by the contract or law\n\n- Communicate or attempt to communicate with you in connection with the collection of a debt through a social media platform if the communication or attempt to communicate is viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts\n\n- Communicate with you by sending an email that the debt collector knows is provided to you by your employer, unless an exception applies\n\n- Use any language or symbol on an envelope for correspondence with you that indicates it is a debt collector, other than the debt collector’s address or business name that doesn’t indicate it’s in the debt collection business"}, {"heading_path": ["Examples of false or deceptive statements"], "anchor": null, "text": "Debt collectors are not allowed to falsely claim or imply that:\n\n- They are attorneys or government representatives\n\n- You have committed a crime by not paying a debt\n\n- They operate or work for a credit reporting company\n\n- You will be arrested or imprisoned if you don’t pay\n\n- They will garnish or seize your wages, bank account, or property\n\n- Documents that they send you are legal documents if they aren’t"}, {"heading_path": ["Examples of harassment by a debt collector"], "anchor": null, "text": "A debt collector is also not allowed to harass, oppress, or abuse you or anyone else they contact. This includes repetitious phone calls with the intent to harass, use of obscene or profane language, and threats of violence or harm.\n\nLearn more about what’s considered an abusive practice"}, {"heading_path": ["What to do if you think a debt collector violated the law"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you believe a debt collector is using an unfair, deceptive or abusive practice to collect a debt, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB and the Federal Trade Commission .\n\nThere are also state and other federal laws that generally prohibit practices that might be considered unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices. You can report the incidents to your state's attorney general ."}]}
{"id": "8ee629e8432d40fa", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-credit-counseling-en-1451/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-credit-counseling-en-1451/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is credit counseling?", "description": "Credit counseling organizations can advise you on your money and debts, help you with a budget, work with creditors to help you resolve your debt via debt management plans, and offer money management workshops.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:23Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:41Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:41Z", "word_count": 744, "char_count": 4654, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.065, "quality_score": 0.96, "content_hash": "6e9c0b949c89c36c3d188c022f1c79515748f7896161e615862a6f09c1f06b93", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Credit counseling organizations can advise you on your money and debts, help you with a budget, develop debt management plans, and offer money management workshops.\n\nWorking with a credit counselor can be a great way of getting free or low-cost financial advice from a trusted professional.\n\nCredit counseling organizations are usually non-profit organizations, and their counselors are certified and trained in the areas of consumer credit, money and debt management, and budgeting. Counselors discuss your financial situation with you and help you develop a personalized plan to solve your money problems.\n\nExamples of how credit counselors can help\n\n- Advise you on managing your money and debts\n\n- Help you develop a budget\n\n- Help you get a copy of your credit report and scores\n\n- Offer free educational materials and workshops\n\n- Organize a debt management plan to pay down your debts\n\nFor example, if you are having trouble making payments on your debts, a credit counselor may be able to help you organize a debt management plan for all your debts, which typically lowers your monthly payments to creditors as well as lowers interest charges and fees. Under a debt management plan, you make a single payment to the credit counseling organization each month or pay period and the credit counseling organization makes monthly payments to each of your creditors.\n\nLearn the differences between a non-profit credit counselor and a for-profit debt management or relief company\n\nHow to find a credit counselor\n\nMost credit counselors offer services through in-person meetings at local offices, online, or on the telephone. To get started, you can try the Financial Counseling Association of America or the National Foundation for Credit Counseling . You can also view of a list of approved credit counselors through the U.S. Department of Justice .\n\nOnce you’ve developed a list of potential credit counseling organizations, you can check with your state attorney general and state consumer protection agency to make sure they’re reputable.\n\nHow to find the credit counselor that’s right for you\n\nA reputable credit counseling organization should be willing to send you free information about its services without requiring you to provide details about your situation. If a service doesn’t do that, consider this a red flag and go elsewhere for help.\n\nHere are some questions to ask to help you find the best credit counseling service for you:\n\nWhat services do you offer? Look for an organization that offers a range of services, including budget counseling and classes for managing spending and debt. Avoid organizations that push a debt management plan as your only option before they have spent a significant amount of time analyzing your financial situation.\n\nHow is credit counseling offered? Services may be offered in-person, by phone, or online. An initial counseling session typically lasts an hour, with an offer of follow-up sessions.\n\nDo you offer free educational materials? Avoid organizations that charge for information.\n\nWhat are your fees? Are there set-up or monthly fees? Get a specific price quote in writing. Although most credit counseling organizations are non-profits, credit counselors may charge fees for some of their services.\n\nWhat if I can't afford to pay your fees or make contributions? If an organization won't help you because you can't afford to pay, look elsewhere.\n\nWill I have a formal written agreement or contract with you? Don't sign anything without reading it first. Make sure all verbal promises are also in writing. As with any contract, don’t sign anything that you don’t understand.\n\nWhat are the counselor’s qualifications? Is the organization or counselor accredited or certified? What are the qualifications of the organization’s credit counselors? Find out about what training or professional certifications the counselor has received.\n\nHow are your employees paid? Are the employees paid more if I sign up for certain services, if I pay a fee, or if I make a contribution to your organization? If the answer is yes, consider this a red flag and go elsewhere.\n\nCan you provide contact information for two or three past clients? Organizations should be willing to share referrals that allow you to hear from others about their experiences and how the organization helped them.\n\nThe Federal Trade Commission has found that some organizations that offer debt management plans have defrauded people. If you do choose a debt management plan, contact your creditors and confirm that they have accepted the proposed plan before you send any payments to the organization handling your debt management plan.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Credit counseling organizations can advise you on your money and debts, help you with a budget, develop debt management plans, and offer money management workshops.\n\nWorking with a credit counselor can be a great way of getting free or low-cost financial advice from a trusted professional.\n\nCredit counseling organizations are usually non-profit organizations, and their counselors are certified and trained in the areas of consumer credit, money and debt management, and budgeting. Counselors discuss your financial situation with you and help you develop a personalized plan to solve your money problems."}, {"heading_path": ["Examples of how credit counselors can help"], "anchor": null, "text": "- Advise you on managing your money and debts\n\n- Help you develop a budget\n\n- Help you get a copy of your credit report and scores\n\n- Offer free educational materials and workshops\n\n- Organize a debt management plan to pay down your debts\n\nFor example, if you are having trouble making payments on your debts, a credit counselor may be able to help you organize a debt management plan for all your debts, which typically lowers your monthly payments to creditors as well as lowers interest charges and fees. Under a debt management plan, you make a single payment to the credit counseling organization each month or pay period and the credit counseling organization makes monthly payments to each of your creditors.\n\nLearn the differences between a non-profit credit counselor and a for-profit debt management or relief company"}, {"heading_path": ["How to find a credit counselor"], "anchor": null, "text": "Most credit counselors offer services through in-person meetings at local offices, online, or on the telephone. To get started, you can try the Financial Counseling Association of America or the National Foundation for Credit Counseling . You can also view of a list of approved credit counselors through the U.S. Department of Justice .\n\nOnce you’ve developed a list of potential credit counseling organizations, you can check with your state attorney general and state consumer protection agency to make sure they’re reputable."}, {"heading_path": ["How to find the credit counselor that’s right for you"], "anchor": null, "text": "A reputable credit counseling organization should be willing to send you free information about its services without requiring you to provide details about your situation. If a service doesn’t do that, consider this a red flag and go elsewhere for help.\n\nHere are some questions to ask to help you find the best credit counseling service for you:\n\nWhat services do you offer? Look for an organization that offers a range of services, including budget counseling and classes for managing spending and debt. Avoid organizations that push a debt management plan as your only option before they have spent a significant amount of time analyzing your financial situation.\n\nHow is credit counseling offered? Services may be offered in-person, by phone, or online. An initial counseling session typically lasts an hour, with an offer of follow-up sessions.\n\nDo you offer free educational materials? Avoid organizations that charge for information.\n\nWhat are your fees? Are there set-up or monthly fees? Get a specific price quote in writing. Although most credit counseling organizations are non-profits, credit counselors may charge fees for some of their services.\n\nWhat if I can't afford to pay your fees or make contributions? If an organization won't help you because you can't afford to pay, look elsewhere.\n\nWill I have a formal written agreement or contract with you? Don't sign anything without reading it first. Make sure all verbal promises are also in writing. As with any contract, don’t sign anything that you don’t understand.\n\nWhat are the counselor’s qualifications? Is the organization or counselor accredited or certified? What are the qualifications of the organization’s credit counselors? Find out about what training or professional certifications the counselor has received.\n\nHow are your employees paid? Are the employees paid more if I sign up for certain services, if I pay a fee, or if I make a contribution to your organization? If the answer is yes, consider this a red flag and go elsewhere.\n\nCan you provide contact information for two or three past clients? Organizations should be willing to share referrals that allow you to hear from others about their experiences and how the organization helped them.\n\nThe Federal Trade Commission has found that some organizations that offer debt management plans have defrauded people. If you do choose a debt management plan, contact your creditors and confirm that they have accepted the proposed plan before you send any payments to the organization handling your debt management plan."}]}
{"id": "f2e07e7202d5a238", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-harassment-by-a-debt-collector-en-336/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-harassment-by-a-debt-collector-en-336/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is harassment by a debt collector?", "description": "What is debt collector harassment? Learn more about how debt collectors can contact you to repay debt.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-04-14", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:17Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:35Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:35Z", "word_count": 531, "char_count": 3087, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.101, "quality_score": 0.94, "content_hash": "93256f1fa91dd849287dfa3079d2efc2e7644b195adf38e6d8f5ee689c067c3b", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Harassment by a debt collector can come in different forms, including repetitious and excessive communications through one or multiple channels intended to annoy or abuse you.\n\nHarassment by debt collectors\n\nDebt collectors violate the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) when they harass, oppress, or abuse you.\n\nIt’s harassment when debt collectors:\n\n- Place repetitious phone calls or use electronic communications – such as text, email, and social media messages – intended to harass, oppress, or abuse you or any person\n\n- Use obscene or profane language\n\n- Threaten violence or harm\n\n- Publish lists of people who refuse to pay their debts (this does not include reporting information to a credit reporting company)\n\n- Call you without telling you their name\n\nLearn when and how often a debt collector can contact you\n\nWhat are false, deceptive, or misleading practices by debt collectors\n\nThe FDCPA also says debt collectors can't use false, deceptive, or misleading practices. This includes misrepresentations about the debt, including:\n\n- The amount owed\n\n- That the debt collector is an attorney if they are not\n\n- False threats to have you arrested\n\n- Threats to do things that cannot legally be done\n\n- Threats to do things that the debt collector has no intention of doing\n\nHow do I sue a debt collector\n\nIf you think a debt collector has violated the FDCPA, you can sue them for damages. If you prove a violation occurred, you may be awarded $1,000 in damages, plus additional compensation for any actual harm they caused. If you win, the collector may also be responsible for paying your lawyer fees and costs. There are lawyers that specialize in this type of lawsuit, but you can also go to court without a lawyer.\n\nBe aware that a lawsuit against a debt collector for FDCPA violations must be filed within one year of the offense, so do not delay. If you file a lawsuit for a violation of state collection law, some state laws may allow more time. Learn how to find a lawyer that specializes in these cases.\n\nKeeping record of your contact with a debt collector\n\nIf you’re being contacted by a debt collector, it’s important to keep a record of any letters, documents, or communications they send to you. Write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you’re disputing the debt, meeting with a lawyer, or going to court.\n\nAlso, be careful what you say to a debt collector because they will keep records as well. They can track any information you provide, including personal information or if you apologize or admit to owing the debt. Those statements could be used against you.\n\nWe have sample letters to help you respond to a debt collector who is trying to collect a debt, along with tips on how to use them. The sample letters may help you to get information, set limits on or stop any further communication, or exercise some of your rights.\n\nIf you believe a debt collector is harassing you, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB. You can also contact your state's attorney general .", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Harassment by a debt collector can come in different forms, including repetitious and excessive communications through one or multiple channels intended to annoy or abuse you."}, {"heading_path": ["Harassment by debt collectors"], "anchor": null, "text": "Debt collectors violate the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) when they harass, oppress, or abuse you.\n\nIt’s harassment when debt collectors:\n\n- Place repetitious phone calls or use electronic communications – such as text, email, and social media messages – intended to harass, oppress, or abuse you or any person\n\n- Use obscene or profane language\n\n- Threaten violence or harm\n\n- Publish lists of people who refuse to pay their debts (this does not include reporting information to a credit reporting company)\n\n- Call you without telling you their name\n\nLearn when and how often a debt collector can contact you"}, {"heading_path": ["What are false, deceptive, or misleading practices by debt collectors"], "anchor": null, "text": "The FDCPA also says debt collectors can't use false, deceptive, or misleading practices. This includes misrepresentations about the debt, including:\n\n- The amount owed\n\n- That the debt collector is an attorney if they are not\n\n- False threats to have you arrested\n\n- Threats to do things that cannot legally be done\n\n- Threats to do things that the debt collector has no intention of doing"}, {"heading_path": ["How do I sue a debt collector"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you think a debt collector has violated the FDCPA, you can sue them for damages. If you prove a violation occurred, you may be awarded $1,000 in damages, plus additional compensation for any actual harm they caused. If you win, the collector may also be responsible for paying your lawyer fees and costs. There are lawyers that specialize in this type of lawsuit, but you can also go to court without a lawyer.\n\nBe aware that a lawsuit against a debt collector for FDCPA violations must be filed within one year of the offense, so do not delay. If you file a lawsuit for a violation of state collection law, some state laws may allow more time. Learn how to find a lawyer that specializes in these cases."}, {"heading_path": ["Keeping record of your contact with a debt collector"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you’re being contacted by a debt collector, it’s important to keep a record of any letters, documents, or communications they send to you. Write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you’re disputing the debt, meeting with a lawyer, or going to court.\n\nAlso, be careful what you say to a debt collector because they will keep records as well. They can track any information you provide, including personal information or if you apologize or admit to owing the debt. Those statements could be used against you.\n\nWe have sample letters to help you respond to a debt collector who is trying to collect a debt, along with tips on how to use them. The sample letters may help you to get information, set limits on or stop any further communication, or exercise some of your rights.\n\nIf you believe a debt collector is harassing you, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB. You can also contact your state's attorney general ."}]}
{"id": "b426bf5d2be400df", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-the-difference-between-credit-counseling-and-debt-settlement-debt-consolidation-or-credit-repair-en-1449/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-the-difference-between-credit-counseling-and-debt-settlement-debt-consolidation-or-credit-repair-en-1449/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What is the difference between credit counseling and debt settlement, debt consolidation, or credit repair?", "description": "Credit counseling organizations are usually nonprofits that advise and educate you on managing your money and debts.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:28Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:46Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:46Z", "word_count": 1560, "char_count": 9506, "reading_time_minutes": 7, "link_density": 0.022, "quality_score": 0.99, "content_hash": "99fb1ea64bc9def0f68c7ffeee9e68db27106446f85b45310053b3244feb9ebb", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Credit counseling organizations are usually nonprofits that advise and educate you on managing your money and debts. Debt settlement companies, debt consolidation lenders, and credit repair companies are typically for-profit companies that promise to fix your credit and debts and charge you money for taking actions you can do yourself for free.\n\nCredit counseling\n\nCredit counseling organizations are usually nonprofit organizations that advise you on managing your money and debts. They usually offer free educational materials and workshops. An initial counseling session typically lasts an hour, with an offer of follow-up sessions.\n\nCredit counselors can work with you to set up a debt management plan (also called a payment plan) for all your debts. They can’t erase your debts. Under a debt management plan, you make a single payment to the credit counseling organization each month or pay period. The credit counseling organization then makes monthly payments to your creditors. Credit counseling organizations are permitted to charge you fees for their services.\n\nUnder debt management plans, credit counselors do not always negotiate reductions in the amounts you owe. Instead, they work to lower your overall monthly payment. They might get the creditor to lengthen the time you have to repay a loan. They might also get the creditor to lower the interest rates. The arrangement usually does not affect your taxes.\n\nHow do I recognize a credit counselor?\n\n- Usually works for a nonprofit organization\n\n- Advises you on managing your money and debts\n\n- Helps you set a up budget for your repayments\n\n- Sets up a payment plan with your creditors, including getting the creditors to agree not to pursue collection efforts or charge late fees while on the plan\n\n- Works to lower your overall monthly payment, rather than trying to negotiate reductions in the amounts you owe\n\n- Never advises you to stop paying your debt\n\nDebt settlement\n\nDebt settlement companies offer to remove your debts to lenders or debt collectors for a fee. They typically offer to pay off your debts with lump sum payments that you have to save up before a settlement. Under the law, money you save up in an account for use by a debt settlement company still belongs to you. The account must be administered by an independent third party and must be under your control. You are entitled to withdraw funds held in that account at any time without penalty. In practice, many debt settlement companies collect money from you and consider it fees you paid to them, instead of money they should be using to settle your debts.\n\nBefore you start working with a debt settlement company\n\n- Many lenders do not negotiate with debt settlement companies.\n\n- Many lenders and debt collectors do not negotiate a settlement amount for your individual situation—instead, they have standard policies about how much loan principal can be forgiven when you haven't made payments for a certain amount of time.\n\n- Debt settlement companies usually can't get better terms than you could get by negotiating with your lenders and debt collectors yourself.\n\n- Debt settlement companies cannot guarantee the amount of money or percentage of debt that you might save by using their services, and they cannot guarantee how long the process takes.\n\n- Debt settlement companies cannot erase all your debts.\n\nHow do I recognize a debt settlement company?\n\n- Usually a for-profit company that charges a fee for their services\n\n- Offers to arrange settlements of your debts with lenders or debt collectors\n\n- Generally has no up-front agreements with lenders\n\n- Typically offers to pay off your debts with a lump sum payment\n\n- Usually advises you to stop paying your creditors until a debt settlement is negotiated with creditors, even though this can mean fees and interest charges keep adding up, your credit is further damaged, and you are left open to more debt collection efforts and lawsuits\n\n- Tries to get some of your debts forgiven, which could mean you owe taxes on the amount forgiven\n\nBeware of debt settlement companies that charge upfront fees. A debt settlement company could be breaking laws if they charge you a fee before three things happen:\n\n- A successful result is reached. The debt settlement company must have renegotiated, settled, reduced, or otherwise changed the terms of at least one of your debts.\n\n- An agreement is made between you and the creditor or debt collector. You must agree to the settlement agreement, debt management plan, or other result reached by the debt settlement company with your creditor or debt collector.\n\n- You have made a payment to the creditor. You must have made at least one payment to the creditor or debt collector as a result of the agreement negotiated by the debt settlement company.\n\nIf you simply cannot afford to pay what you owe, you could consider filing for bankruptcy. Consult a bankruptcy attorney to find out more about how this process works.\n\nDebt consolidation lenders\n\nDebt consolidation loans can be offered by banks, credit unions, and other lenders. A debt consolidation loan is money you borrow to repay all your separate loans and pay back just one amount. You pay back the debt consolidation loan over time. This simplifies the number of payments you have to make. The debt consolidation loan might have a lower interest rate than what you’re paying on your debts.\n\nBefore you take out a debt consolidation loan\n\n- Keep in mind that a low interest rate could be a “teaser rate” that applies only for a limited time.\n\n- After the teaser rate expires, your payments could go up because your lender can increase the interest rate.\n\n- Although your monthly debt payment might be lower, it could be because you’re paying over a longer time.\n\n- Taking the loan’s length of time, fees, and costs into account, overall you might pay more for the convenience of a consolidated loan than you would have had to pay for your original debt payments.\n\nCredit repair\n\nCredit repair companies make promises to fix your credit or improve your scores, typically by doing things you can do yourself for free. They often use advertising and social media promotions. They operate usually by noting negative items on your credit report and then sending disputes to consumer reporting companies, including the three nationwide credit reporting companies (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion). The reporting company has an obligation to contact the creditor to verify the negative item. If the creditor does not respond within 30 days, the information is removed from your credit report.\n\nThere is a catch, however. If the reporting company decides that the dispute is “frivolous,” it does not have to investigate. This can happen if the reporting company gets multiple requests or requests that seem formulaic, which sometimes fits the profile of a credit repair company.\n\nThe only time you should dispute information is when it’s inaccurate. But credit repair companies typically dispute accurate items on your report, too. This could mean accurate items disappear temporarily while the credit reporting company verifies the information. After the item is verified, it reappears on your credit report. Your credit scores could change—and then change back—because of these actions.\n\nNegative items that are accurate remain on your credit report for the appointed timeline. Negative information such as collections, charge-offs, judgments, and accounts reported late during the loan’s term remain on the credit report for seven years from the last activity or first delinquency date. Items are removed from the credit report once the seven years are up.\n\nBefore you start working with a credit repair company\n\n- Keep in mind that there are no shortcuts to achieving a strong credit history or high credit scores.\n\n- Consumer reporting companies, including the three nationwide credit reporting companies, remove negative items on your reports once they are found to be inaccurate or incomplete, or if they cannot be verified—whether the negative items are disputed by you or a credit repair company.\n\n- You can dispute mistakes in your credit reports yourself, for free.\n\n- Errors on your reports can be investigated and resolved, but credit repair companies cannot legally get information removed if it is accurate and timely.\n\nHow do I recognize a credit repair company?\n\n- Usually a for-profit company that charges a fee for their services\n\n- Often promises a quick increase in your credit scores\n\n- Offers to remove negative items from your consumer reports, including credit reports generated by the three nationwide reporting companies (Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion)\n\n- Often charges a monthly fee, which they justify by disputing the same negative items on your credit reports over and over\n\nBeware of monthly subscription fees. Many credit repair companies use telemarketing to sell their services. By law, a credit repair company that signed you up for services through telemarketing is not allowed to send you a bill or receive payment until two things happen:\n\n- The timeframe ends when they told you they would provide you their services. This means they cannot charge you an upfront fee or ongoing monthly service fee, so sometimes the company calls it a “subscription fee” instead.\n\n- They have sent you a report from a consumer reporting company. The report must show that they achieved the promised results, and it must be created six months after the results were achieved.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Credit counseling organizations are usually nonprofits that advise and educate you on managing your money and debts. Debt settlement companies, debt consolidation lenders, and credit repair companies are typically for-profit companies that promise to fix your credit and debts and charge you money for taking actions you can do yourself for free."}, {"heading_path": ["Credit counseling"], "anchor": "credit-counseling", "text": "Credit counseling organizations are usually nonprofit organizations that advise you on managing your money and debts. They usually offer free educational materials and workshops. An initial counseling session typically lasts an hour, with an offer of follow-up sessions.\n\nCredit counselors can work with you to set up a debt management plan (also called a payment plan) for all your debts. They can’t erase your debts. Under a debt management plan, you make a single payment to the credit counseling organization each month or pay period. The credit counseling organization then makes monthly payments to your creditors. Credit counseling organizations are permitted to charge you fees for their services.\n\nUnder debt management plans, credit counselors do not always negotiate reductions in the amounts you owe. Instead, they work to lower your overall monthly payment. They might get the creditor to lengthen the time you have to repay a loan. They might also get the creditor to lower the interest rates. The arrangement usually does not affect your taxes."}, {"heading_path": ["How do I recognize a credit counselor?"], "anchor": null, "text": "- Usually works for a nonprofit organization\n\n- Advises you on managing your money and debts\n\n- Helps you set a up budget for your repayments\n\n- Sets up a payment plan with your creditors, including getting the creditors to agree not to pursue collection efforts or charge late fees while on the plan\n\n- Works to lower your overall monthly payment, rather than trying to negotiate reductions in the amounts you owe\n\n- Never advises you to stop paying your debt"}, {"heading_path": ["Debt settlement"], "anchor": "", "text": "Debt settlement companies offer to remove your debts to lenders or debt collectors for a fee. They typically offer to pay off your debts with lump sum payments that you have to save up before a settlement. Under the law, money you save up in an account for use by a debt settlement company still belongs to you. The account must be administered by an independent third party and must be under your control. You are entitled to withdraw funds held in that account at any time without penalty. In practice, many debt settlement companies collect money from you and consider it fees you paid to them, instead of money they should be using to settle your debts."}, {"heading_path": ["Debt settlement", "Before you start working with a debt settlement company"], "anchor": "", "text": "- Many lenders do not negotiate with debt settlement companies.\n\n- Many lenders and debt collectors do not negotiate a settlement amount for your individual situation—instead, they have standard policies about how much loan principal can be forgiven when you haven't made payments for a certain amount of time.\n\n- Debt settlement companies usually can't get better terms than you could get by negotiating with your lenders and debt collectors yourself.\n\n- Debt settlement companies cannot guarantee the amount of money or percentage of debt that you might save by using their services, and they cannot guarantee how long the process takes.\n\n- Debt settlement companies cannot erase all your debts."}, {"heading_path": ["How do I recognize a debt settlement company?"], "anchor": null, "text": "- Usually a for-profit company that charges a fee for their services\n\n- Offers to arrange settlements of your debts with lenders or debt collectors\n\n- Generally has no up-front agreements with lenders\n\n- Typically offers to pay off your debts with a lump sum payment\n\n- Usually advises you to stop paying your creditors until a debt settlement is negotiated with creditors, even though this can mean fees and interest charges keep adding up, your credit is further damaged, and you are left open to more debt collection efforts and lawsuits\n\n- Tries to get some of your debts forgiven, which could mean you owe taxes on the amount forgiven\n\nBeware of debt settlement companies that charge upfront fees. A debt settlement company could be breaking laws if they charge you a fee before three things happen:\n\n- A successful result is reached. The debt settlement company must have renegotiated, settled, reduced, or otherwise changed the terms of at least one of your debts.\n\n- An agreement is made between you and the creditor or debt collector. You must agree to the settlement agreement, debt management plan, or other result reached by the debt settlement company with your creditor or debt collector.\n\n- You have made a payment to the creditor. You must have made at least one payment to the creditor or debt collector as a result of the agreement negotiated by the debt settlement company.\n\nIf you simply cannot afford to pay what you owe, you could consider filing for bankruptcy. Consult a bankruptcy attorney to find out more about how this process works."}, {"heading_path": ["Debt consolidation lenders"], "anchor": "", "text": "Debt consolidation loans can be offered by banks, credit unions, and other lenders. A debt consolidation loan is money you borrow to repay all your separate loans and pay back just one amount. You pay back the debt consolidation loan over time. This simplifies the number of payments you have to make. The debt consolidation loan might have a lower interest rate than what you’re paying on your debts."}, {"heading_path": ["Debt consolidation lenders", "Before you take out a debt consolidation loan"], "anchor": "", "text": "- Keep in mind that a low interest rate could be a “teaser rate” that applies only for a limited time.\n\n- After the teaser rate expires, your payments could go up because your lender can increase the interest rate.\n\n- Although your monthly debt payment might be lower, it could be because you’re paying over a longer time.\n\n- Taking the loan’s length of time, fees, and costs into account, overall you might pay more for the convenience of a consolidated loan than you would have had to pay for your original debt payments."}, {"heading_path": ["Credit repair"], "anchor": "", "text": "Credit repair companies make promises to fix your credit or improve your scores, typically by doing things you can do yourself for free. They often use advertising and social media promotions. They operate usually by noting negative items on your credit report and then sending disputes to consumer reporting companies, including the three nationwide credit reporting companies (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion). The reporting company has an obligation to contact the creditor to verify the negative item. If the creditor does not respond within 30 days, the information is removed from your credit report.\n\nThere is a catch, however. If the reporting company decides that the dispute is “frivolous,” it does not have to investigate. This can happen if the reporting company gets multiple requests or requests that seem formulaic, which sometimes fits the profile of a credit repair company.\n\nThe only time you should dispute information is when it’s inaccurate. But credit repair companies typically dispute accurate items on your report, too. This could mean accurate items disappear temporarily while the credit reporting company verifies the information. After the item is verified, it reappears on your credit report. Your credit scores could change—and then change back—because of these actions.\n\nNegative items that are accurate remain on your credit report for the appointed timeline. Negative information such as collections, charge-offs, judgments, and accounts reported late during the loan’s term remain on the credit report for seven years from the last activity or first delinquency date. Items are removed from the credit report once the seven years are up."}, {"heading_path": ["Credit repair", "Before you start working with a credit repair company"], "anchor": "", "text": "- Keep in mind that there are no shortcuts to achieving a strong credit history or high credit scores.\n\n- Consumer reporting companies, including the three nationwide credit reporting companies, remove negative items on your reports once they are found to be inaccurate or incomplete, or if they cannot be verified—whether the negative items are disputed by you or a credit repair company.\n\n- You can dispute mistakes in your credit reports yourself, for free.\n\n- Errors on your reports can be investigated and resolved, but credit repair companies cannot legally get information removed if it is accurate and timely."}, {"heading_path": ["How do I recognize a credit repair company?"], "anchor": null, "text": "- Usually a for-profit company that charges a fee for their services\n\n- Often promises a quick increase in your credit scores\n\n- Offers to remove negative items from your consumer reports, including credit reports generated by the three nationwide reporting companies (Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion)\n\n- Often charges a monthly fee, which they justify by disputing the same negative items on your credit reports over and over\n\nBeware of monthly subscription fees. Many credit repair companies use telemarketing to sell their services. By law, a credit repair company that signed you up for services through telemarketing is not allowed to send you a bill or receive payment until two things happen:\n\n- The timeframe ends when they told you they would provide you their services. This means they cannot charge you an upfront fee or ongoing monthly service fee, so sometimes the company calls it a “subscription fee” instead.\n\n- They have sent you a report from a consumer reporting company. The report must show that they achieved the promised results, and it must be created six months after the results were achieved."}]}
{"id": "34779c116c62ce15", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-laws-limit-what-debt-collectors-can-say-or-do-en-329/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-laws-limit-what-debt-collectors-can-say-or-do-en-329/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What laws limit what debt collectors can say or do?", "description": "Learn about the laws, including the FDCPA, that limit what debt collectors can say or do. Protect yourself from abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-12-09", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:30Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:48Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:48Z", "word_count": 722, "char_count": 4327, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.114, "quality_score": 0.93, "content_hash": "8eb362a4d065e8310150e99592d14c33375e27a56d1dd2a4efaade45c5d211c4", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is a federal law that limits what debt collectors can do when attempting to collect certain types of debt. The federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) covers how debts are reported in credit reports. In addition, there are state laws that provide protections against unfair and deceptive practices.\n\nWhat is The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)?\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is the main federal law that governs debt collection practices. The FDCPA prohibits debt collection companies from using abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices to collect debts from you.\n\nThe FDCPA covers the collection of debts that are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. It doesn’t cover business debts, and it also doesn’t generally cover collection by the original creditor or business you owed money to.\n\nUnder the FDCPA, debt collectors can include collection agencies, debt buyers, and lawyers. Any FDCPA-covered debt collector who contacts you about a debt is required to tell you certain information about it.\n\nLimits on how debt collectors can communicate with you about a debt\n\n- Time and place. Generally, debt collectors may not contact you at an unusual time or place, or at a time or place they know or should know is inconvenient to you. They are generally prohibited from contacting you before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m. Also, if a debt collector knows or has reason to know that you're not allowed to receive personal communications at work, they’re not allowed to contact you there. If they call you when it’s inconvenient for you to speak with them, you can tell them that and they’re required to terminate the call.\n\n- Social media and other electronic communications. A debt collector may not use social media to publicly post about a debt that they claim you owe. However, they can contact you privately on social media, unless you request that they not contact you that way. If the debt collector communicates with you using an email address, telephone text number or other electronic medium, they must offer you a reasonable and simple method for you to opt out.\n\n- Harassment. Debt collectors may not harass you or anyone else over the phone or through any other form of contact, including text or email.\n\n- Representation by attorney. If a debt collector knows that an attorney is representing you about the debt, the debt collector generally must stop contacting you and must contact the attorney instead. This is only true if the debt collector knows, or can easily find out, the name and contact information of your attorney. If an attorney is representing you and a debt collector calls, give them your attorney’s name and contact information and tell them that they should contact your attorney directly, instead of you. It’s also a good idea to keep all documents sent by a debt collector and write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you meet with a lawyer or go to court.\n\nLearn how to get a debt collector to stop contacting you.\n\nWhat is The Fair Credit Reporting Act?\n\nThe federal Fair Credit Reporting Act covers how financial matters, including debts, can be reported in your credit report.\n\nFor example, if a debt collector provides or furnishes information to a consumer reporting companies that you believe is inaccurate, you have the right to dispute that information and the credit reporting companies must:\n\n- Note on your credit report that you are disputing the information\n\n- Investigate your dispute\n\n- Forward all documents you provide in support of your dispute to the company that provided that information\n\n- Report the results back to you\n\nLearn how to dispute an error on your credit report\n\nWhat regulations do states place on debt collectors?\n\nMost states have laws about debt collection practices, many of which are similar to the FDCPA. Some of those state laws cover the original creditor, while others don't. States also have unfair and deceptive acts and practices laws that may apply to debt collection. Contact your state attorney general's office to learn more about the laws in your state.\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.\n\nLearn more about debt collection.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is a federal law that limits what debt collectors can do when attempting to collect certain types of debt. The federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) covers how debts are reported in credit reports. In addition, there are state laws that provide protections against unfair and deceptive practices."}, {"heading_path": ["What is The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)?"], "anchor": null, "text": "The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is the main federal law that governs debt collection practices. The FDCPA prohibits debt collection companies from using abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices to collect debts from you.\n\nThe FDCPA covers the collection of debts that are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. It doesn’t cover business debts, and it also doesn’t generally cover collection by the original creditor or business you owed money to.\n\nUnder the FDCPA, debt collectors can include collection agencies, debt buyers, and lawyers. Any FDCPA-covered debt collector who contacts you about a debt is required to tell you certain information about it."}, {"heading_path": ["What is The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)?", "Limits on how debt collectors can communicate with you about a debt"], "anchor": "limits-on-how-debt-collectors-can-communicate-with-you-about-a-debt", "text": "- Time and place. Generally, debt collectors may not contact you at an unusual time or place, or at a time or place they know or should know is inconvenient to you. They are generally prohibited from contacting you before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m. Also, if a debt collector knows or has reason to know that you're not allowed to receive personal communications at work, they’re not allowed to contact you there. If they call you when it’s inconvenient for you to speak with them, you can tell them that and they’re required to terminate the call.\n\n- Social media and other electronic communications. A debt collector may not use social media to publicly post about a debt that they claim you owe. However, they can contact you privately on social media, unless you request that they not contact you that way. If the debt collector communicates with you using an email address, telephone text number or other electronic medium, they must offer you a reasonable and simple method for you to opt out.\n\n- Harassment. Debt collectors may not harass you or anyone else over the phone or through any other form of contact, including text or email.\n\n- Representation by attorney. If a debt collector knows that an attorney is representing you about the debt, the debt collector generally must stop contacting you and must contact the attorney instead. This is only true if the debt collector knows, or can easily find out, the name and contact information of your attorney. If an attorney is representing you and a debt collector calls, give them your attorney’s name and contact information and tell them that they should contact your attorney directly, instead of you. It’s also a good idea to keep all documents sent by a debt collector and write down dates and times of conversations, along with notes about what you discussed. These records can help you if you meet with a lawyer or go to court.\n\nLearn how to get a debt collector to stop contacting you."}, {"heading_path": ["What is The Fair Credit Reporting Act?"], "anchor": null, "text": "The federal Fair Credit Reporting Act covers how financial matters, including debts, can be reported in your credit report.\n\nFor example, if a debt collector provides or furnishes information to a consumer reporting companies that you believe is inaccurate, you have the right to dispute that information and the credit reporting companies must:\n\n- Note on your credit report that you are disputing the information\n\n- Investigate your dispute\n\n- Forward all documents you provide in support of your dispute to the company that provided that information\n\n- Report the results back to you\n\nLearn how to dispute an error on your credit report"}, {"heading_path": ["What regulations do states place on debt collectors?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Most states have laws about debt collection practices, many of which are similar to the FDCPA. Some of those state laws cover the original creditor, while others don't. States also have unfair and deceptive acts and practices laws that may apply to debt collection. Contact your state attorney general's office to learn more about the laws in your state.\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.\n\nLearn more about debt collection."}]}
{"id": "18a9c09b7d24e626", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-may-happen-if-i-ignore-or-avoid-a-debt-collector-en-1427/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-may-happen-if-i-ignore-or-avoid-a-debt-collector-en-1427/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What may happen if I ignore or avoid a debt collector?", "description": "Ignoring or avoiding a debt collector is unlikely to make the debt collector stop contacting you. They may find other ways to contact you, including filing a lawsuit.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:22Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:40Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:40Z", "word_count": 274, "char_count": 1545, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.129, "quality_score": 0.67, "content_hash": "1d12925edefd88c8ab1cc50f0b80e89d7a231aeee27666b00e416306a91a3fc7", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "There are federal protections to prohibit harassment or abusive communications by a debt collector. Ignoring or avoiding a debt collector, though, is unlikely to make the debt collector stop contacting you. They may find other ways to contact you, including filing a lawsuit.\n\nWhile being contacted by a debt collector might feel overwhelming, talking with them can help you get more information about the debt. Ignoring or avoiding the debt collector is also unlikely to make them stop contacting you, and they may use other methods to try to collect the debt, including filing a lawsuit against you.\n\nWhat to do when a debt collector contacts you\n\nThere’s certain information that debt collectors are generally required to provide to help you determine whether or not the debt is yours and to inform you how you can dispute the debt, if you don’t believe you owe it or the amount is incorrect. If they refuse to provide this information, it’s a warning sign that it may be a scam.\n\nLearn more about what you should do if a debt collector contacts you\n\nHow to respond if a debt collector sues you\n\nIf you ignore a debt collector’s attempts to contact you and they file a lawsuit to collect the debt, it’s important to take it seriously. Not responding to a properly served lawsuit – even if you’re unsure whether you owe the debt – can result in the court issuing a judgment against you, which could limit your ability to dispute the debt, even if it’s already been paid or you don’t owe it.\n\nLearn what to do if you’re sued by a debt collector", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "There are federal protections to prohibit harassment or abusive communications by a debt collector. Ignoring or avoiding a debt collector, though, is unlikely to make the debt collector stop contacting you. They may find other ways to contact you, including filing a lawsuit.\n\nWhile being contacted by a debt collector might feel overwhelming, talking with them can help you get more information about the debt. Ignoring or avoiding the debt collector is also unlikely to make them stop contacting you, and they may use other methods to try to collect the debt, including filing a lawsuit against you."}, {"heading_path": ["What to do when a debt collector contacts you"], "anchor": null, "text": "There’s certain information that debt collectors are generally required to provide to help you determine whether or not the debt is yours and to inform you how you can dispute the debt, if you don’t believe you owe it or the amount is incorrect. If they refuse to provide this information, it’s a warning sign that it may be a scam.\n\nLearn more about what you should do if a debt collector contacts you"}, {"heading_path": ["How to respond if a debt collector sues you"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you ignore a debt collector’s attempts to contact you and they file a lawsuit to collect the debt, it’s important to take it seriously. Not responding to a properly served lawsuit – even if you’re unsure whether you owe the debt – can result in the court issuing a judgment against you, which could limit your ability to dispute the debt, even if it’s already been paid or you don’t owe it.\n\nLearn what to do if you’re sued by a debt collector"}]}
{"id": "8a499ec6f78ec381", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-should-i-do-if-a-debt-collector-contacts-me-about-a-mortgage-i-thought-was-already-satisfied-or-written-off-en-2134/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-should-i-do-if-a-debt-collector-contacts-me-about-a-mortgage-i-thought-was-already-satisfied-or-written-off-en-2134/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What should I do if a debt collector contacts me about a mortgage I thought was already satisfied or written off?", "description": "If a debt collector is contacting you about a mortgage that you believe was forgiven or satisfied long ago, then you have rights.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2023-04-26", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:55Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:13Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:13Z", "word_count": 265, "char_count": 1514, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.107, "quality_score": 0.67, "content_hash": "35204d89ac78d40db79ad69aed930b5695819a671f8c797a3576601adaddfc24", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If a debt collector is contacting you about a mortgage that you believe was forgiven or satisfied long ago, then you have rights. A debt collector generally must verify the debt, and you can work with a lawyer to check if the statute of limitations on the debt has expired.\n\nStep 1: Verify the debt and review our recommendations for dealing with debt collectors. Don’t take what the servicer or debt collector tells you at face value. You generally have the right to ask a debt collector about the debt, including if you don't believe you owe the debt. You will also generally be provided with information at the outset of collection activity, usually in a written letter, that is called the “validation information.” This information must include:\n\n- The amount of the debt\n\n- The name of the creditor you owe\n\n- A description of certain rights under the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act\n\nLearn more about your rights when dealing with debt collectors.\n\nStep 2: Have a lawyer check whether the debt collector’s time has run out. Some state laws set time limits on collecting mortgage debts. In some states, the law allows an old debt to be collected but removes the possibility of foreclosure, and in other states the law may remove an old mortgage from the property altogether. You’ll probably need a lawyer’s help to find out what laws apply in your situation, and whether the debt is considered old enough that a debt collector can no longer collect on it. Click here to find a lawyer in your state.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If a debt collector is contacting you about a mortgage that you believe was forgiven or satisfied long ago, then you have rights. A debt collector generally must verify the debt, and you can work with a lawyer to check if the statute of limitations on the debt has expired.\n\nStep 1: Verify the debt and review our recommendations for dealing with debt collectors. Don’t take what the servicer or debt collector tells you at face value. You generally have the right to ask a debt collector about the debt, including if you don't believe you owe the debt. You will also generally be provided with information at the outset of collection activity, usually in a written letter, that is called the “validation information.” This information must include:\n\n- The amount of the debt\n\n- The name of the creditor you owe\n\n- A description of certain rights under the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act\n\nLearn more about your rights when dealing with debt collectors.\n\nStep 2: Have a lawyer check whether the debt collector’s time has run out. Some state laws set time limits on collecting mortgage debts. In some states, the law allows an old debt to be collected but removes the possibility of foreclosure, and in other states the law may remove an old mortgage from the property altogether. You’ll probably need a lawyer’s help to find out what laws apply in your situation, and whether the debt is considered old enough that a debt collector can no longer collect on it. Click here to find a lawyer in your state."}]}
{"id": "852b47ed9f9b854a", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-should-i-do-if-i-cant-pay-my-credit-card-bills-en-1697/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-should-i-do-if-i-cant-pay-my-credit-card-bills-en-1697/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What should I do if I can’t pay my credit card bills?", "description": "If you can't pay your credit card bill, it’s important to act right away. Contact your credit card company immediately.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "credit cards"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-09-02", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:11Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:29Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:29Z", "word_count": 288, "char_count": 1642, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.032, "quality_score": 0.75, "content_hash": "66c4e0451c8dc337eb48f216b567d16f5c92eea6f19ebb845f59c9a3c89e5d99", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If you can’t pay your credit card bill, it’s important to act right away. Contact your credit card company immediately.\n\nMany card companies are willing to work with you to change your payment if you’re facing a financial emergency.\n\nWhat steps can I take to manage my credit card bills?\n\nHere are a few steps you can take to get your credit card bills under control.\n\n1. Add up your income and expenses\n\nLook for ways to cut costs. If you can’t find enough to pay your minimum payment, decide how much you can afford to pay.\n\n2. Call your credit card company\n\nWhen you talk to your credit card company, be sure to clearly explain:\n\n- Why you can’t pay the minimum\n\n- How much you can afford to pay\n\n- When you could restart your normal payments\n\n- What new payment amount you are requesting and for how long\n\n3. Consider credit counseling\n\nIf you need more help, credit counseling organizations can work with you on managing your money. Many credit counseling organizations are nonprofits. Before you sign up, ask if you will be charged, how much, and what services will be provided.\n\n4. Watch out for debt settlement or debt relief companies\n\nFor-profit companies often advertise that they can arrange reductions in your debts or settlements of your debts, for a fee. Some of them charge up-front fees in return for promising to settle your debts. A debt settlement company is not allowed to collect fees before settling or resolving your debt. Other warning signs include:\n\n- Guaranteeing they can make your debt go away\n\n- Telling you to stop communicating with your credit card company\n\n- Telling you to stop making your minimum payments", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If you can’t pay your credit card bill, it’s important to act right away. Contact your credit card company immediately.\n\nMany card companies are willing to work with you to change your payment if you’re facing a financial emergency."}, {"heading_path": ["What steps can I take to manage my credit card bills?"], "anchor": "what-steps-can-i-take-to-manage-my-credit-card-bills", "text": "Here are a few steps you can take to get your credit card bills under control."}, {"heading_path": ["What steps can I take to manage my credit card bills?", "1. Add up your income and expenses"], "anchor": null, "text": "Look for ways to cut costs. If you can’t find enough to pay your minimum payment, decide how much you can afford to pay."}, {"heading_path": ["What steps can I take to manage my credit card bills?", "2. Call your credit card company"], "anchor": null, "text": "When you talk to your credit card company, be sure to clearly explain:\n\n- Why you can’t pay the minimum\n\n- How much you can afford to pay\n\n- When you could restart your normal payments\n\n- What new payment amount you are requesting and for how long"}, {"heading_path": ["What steps can I take to manage my credit card bills?", "3. Consider credit counseling"], "anchor": null, "text": "If you need more help, credit counseling organizations can work with you on managing your money. Many credit counseling organizations are nonprofits. Before you sign up, ask if you will be charged, how much, and what services will be provided."}, {"heading_path": ["What steps can I take to manage my credit card bills?", "4. Watch out for debt settlement or debt relief companies"], "anchor": null, "text": "For-profit companies often advertise that they can arrange reductions in your debts or settlements of your debts, for a fee. Some of them charge up-front fees in return for promising to settle your debts. A debt settlement company is not allowed to collect fees before settling or resolving your debt. Other warning signs include:\n\n- Guaranteeing they can make your debt go away\n\n- Telling you to stop communicating with your credit card company\n\n- Telling you to stop making your minimum payments"}]}
{"id": "61c9fe20387f513c", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-should-i-do-if-im-sued-by-a-debt-collector-or-creditor-en-334/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-should-i-do-if-im-sued-by-a-debt-collector-or-creditor-en-334/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What should I do if I’m sued by a debt collector or creditor?", "description": "If you're sued by a debt collector, it’s important to respond. Learn what you need to do.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:35Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:53Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:53Z", "word_count": 631, "char_count": 3522, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.129, "quality_score": 0.92, "content_hash": "3836abb99255c10886655bfcfb43cdbc0cf8460ececce616a3322a42a8280d21", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If you’re sued for an unpaid debt, you should respond to the lawsuit, either personally or through a lawyer by the date specified in the court papers.\n\nIf you have been sued or “served” by a creditor or debt collector for an overdue debt, read the lawsuit carefully and respond by the required deadlines. By taking this step, you can protect yourself and help avoid additional financial difficulties.\n\nWhy it’s important to respond when sued by a debt collector\n\nWhen you respond to the lawsuit, a debt collector has to prove to the court that the debt is valid. If you owe the debt, you may be able to work out a settlement or other resolution with the collector. Responding doesn’t mean you’re agreeing that you owe the debt or that it is valid.\n\nIf you don’t respond, the court could issue a judgment or court action against you, sometimes called a “default judgment.” For example, if you refuse to accept delivery or “service” of the lawsuit, the court could view this as ignoring a properly served lawsuit, and it’s unlikely that this tactic will be effective at defending yourself against the lawsuit.\n\nAs a result, it's likely that a judgment will be entered against you for the amount the creditor or debt collector claims you owe, as well as lawful additional fees to cover collections costs, interest, and attorney fees as allowed by the judgment.\n\nJudgments also give debt collectors much stronger tools to collect the debt from you. You may lose the ability to dispute the debt, if you believe you don’t owe it or that the amount is wrong, and depending on your situation and your state’s laws, the creditor may be able to:\n\n- Garnish your wages\n\n- Place a lien against your property\n\n- Move to freeze funds in your bank account\n\nA judgment is a court order, so it can be very difficult to get it changed or set aside once the case is over. You have a much better chance to fight a collection in court if you defend the case than if you wait until a judgment is entered against you. You may also be able to work out a compromise or settlement by negotiating with the debt collector before a court makes a judgment.\n\nConsult an attorney to learn more about your debt collection rights\n\nAttorneys can help you understand both your federal and state protections, if you’ve been sued or threatened with a lawsuit by a debt collector.\n\nSome attorneys may offer free services or charge a reduced fee. You may also wish to find an attorney who has experience in the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) and debt collection issues. There may also be legal aid offices or legal clinics in your area who will offer their services for free if you meet their criteria.\n\nIf you’re a servicemember, consult your local JAG office or use the JAG Legal Assistance Office locator to find help or ask your installation’s financial readiness office for information.\n\nLearn more about how to find an attorney to advise you on your debt collection rights\n\nWhen a debt collector can’t sue or threaten to sue\n\nYou have certain rights and protections when being contacted by a debt collector who is subject to the FDCPA. A debt collector can’t use the threat of a lawsuit to collect a debt if they do not intend to file a lawsuit. They also can’t sue or threaten to sue when the statute of limitations – or the period of time they have to file a lawsuit to collect a debt – has expired.\n\nLearn more about what debt collectors can say or do\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If you’re sued for an unpaid debt, you should respond to the lawsuit, either personally or through a lawyer by the date specified in the court papers.\n\nIf you have been sued or “served” by a creditor or debt collector for an overdue debt, read the lawsuit carefully and respond by the required deadlines. By taking this step, you can protect yourself and help avoid additional financial difficulties."}, {"heading_path": ["Why it’s important to respond when sued by a debt collector"], "anchor": null, "text": "When you respond to the lawsuit, a debt collector has to prove to the court that the debt is valid. If you owe the debt, you may be able to work out a settlement or other resolution with the collector. Responding doesn’t mean you’re agreeing that you owe the debt or that it is valid.\n\nIf you don’t respond, the court could issue a judgment or court action against you, sometimes called a “default judgment.” For example, if you refuse to accept delivery or “service” of the lawsuit, the court could view this as ignoring a properly served lawsuit, and it’s unlikely that this tactic will be effective at defending yourself against the lawsuit.\n\nAs a result, it's likely that a judgment will be entered against you for the amount the creditor or debt collector claims you owe, as well as lawful additional fees to cover collections costs, interest, and attorney fees as allowed by the judgment.\n\nJudgments also give debt collectors much stronger tools to collect the debt from you. You may lose the ability to dispute the debt, if you believe you don’t owe it or that the amount is wrong, and depending on your situation and your state’s laws, the creditor may be able to:\n\n- Garnish your wages\n\n- Place a lien against your property\n\n- Move to freeze funds in your bank account\n\nA judgment is a court order, so it can be very difficult to get it changed or set aside once the case is over. You have a much better chance to fight a collection in court if you defend the case than if you wait until a judgment is entered against you. You may also be able to work out a compromise or settlement by negotiating with the debt collector before a court makes a judgment."}, {"heading_path": ["Consult an attorney to learn more about your debt collection rights"], "anchor": null, "text": "Attorneys can help you understand both your federal and state protections, if you’ve been sued or threatened with a lawsuit by a debt collector.\n\nSome attorneys may offer free services or charge a reduced fee. You may also wish to find an attorney who has experience in the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) and debt collection issues. There may also be legal aid offices or legal clinics in your area who will offer their services for free if you meet their criteria.\n\nIf you’re a servicemember, consult your local JAG office or use the JAG Legal Assistance Office locator to find help or ask your installation’s financial readiness office for information.\n\nLearn more about how to find an attorney to advise you on your debt collection rights"}, {"heading_path": ["When a debt collector can’t sue or threaten to sue"], "anchor": null, "text": "You have certain rights and protections when being contacted by a debt collector who is subject to the FDCPA. A debt collector can’t use the threat of a lawsuit to collect a debt if they do not intend to file a lawsuit. They also can’t sue or threaten to sue when the statute of limitations – or the period of time they have to file a lawsuit to collect a debt – has expired.\n\nLearn more about what debt collectors can say or do\n\nIf you're having trouble with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "23ce43e315e16ed4", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-should-i-do-when-a-debt-collector-contacts-me-en-1695/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-should-i-do-when-a-debt-collector-contacts-me-en-1695/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "What should I do when a debt collector contacts me?", "description": "First, determine important information about your debt—including if it’s legitimate and if you really owe it—and then use our sample letters to respond appropriately to the debt collector.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2026-10-15", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:20Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:38Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:38Z", "word_count": 509, "char_count": 2923, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.214, "quality_score": 0.87, "content_hash": "0ab86c78ea8c97f0e9fe127e8e4a1ed6f7f5520d3ec5935789c085c46b325dc4", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "If a debt collector contacts you, use the opportunity to find out about the debt, which will help determine if they’re legitimate and if you really owe it.\n\nWhen a debt collector first contacts you about a debt, they are, in general, legally required to provide you with certain information about the debt during that initial communication or within five days of the initial communication. This validation information includes the name of the creditor, the amount you owe, and how to dispute the debt. If the debt collector doesn’t or can’t provide this information, it could be a scam. Never give sensitive financial information to the caller, at least not until you’ve confirmed they’re legitimate.\n\nAlso, if the debt collector is collecting a valid debt, avoiding or ignoring their call usually won’t make them go away – they may instead find other ways to collect the money from you, including by filing a lawsuit. A debt collector can also help you understand if the debt is yours and what your options are, even if you can’t pay right now.\n\nCommunicating with debt collectors\n\nIn addition to using the validation information to follow up with the debt collector, you can use these sample letters to communicate with them:\n\n- I do not owe this debt.\n\n- I need more information about this debt.\n\n- I want the debt collector to stop contacting me.\n\n- I want the debt collector to only contact me through my lawyer.\n\n- I want to specify how the debt collector can contact me.\n\nIf you use any of these letters, it’s important to do so as soon as possible after the debt collector first contacts you, and to keep copies of any letters you send and any other communications. In certain situations, you only have 30 days after you’re contacted to ask for certain information, but even if more than 30 days pass, it’s still a good idea to ask for what you need. Note: These sample letters are not legal advice.\n\nIf it is not your debt or you already paid it, providing documentation can also help your dispute. Ask the debt collector for any evidence they have that indicates you are the correct debtor and what they are relying on to calculate the amount due. You can also notify the debt collector in writing to stop communicating with you.\n\nYou have protections against harassment\n\nWhile talking with a debt collector can be helpful, it’s also important to know that you have protections against repetitious, excessive and threatening communications. Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, debt collectors violate the law when they harass, oppress, or abuse you.\n\nFor example, if the debt collector is calling you at an inconvenient time or place, you have the right to ask the debt collector to call you at a more convenient time or place you specify.\n\nLearn more about the laws that limit what debt collectors can say or do\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "If a debt collector contacts you, use the opportunity to find out about the debt, which will help determine if they’re legitimate and if you really owe it.\n\nWhen a debt collector first contacts you about a debt, they are, in general, legally required to provide you with certain information about the debt during that initial communication or within five days of the initial communication. This validation information includes the name of the creditor, the amount you owe, and how to dispute the debt. If the debt collector doesn’t or can’t provide this information, it could be a scam. Never give sensitive financial information to the caller, at least not until you’ve confirmed they’re legitimate.\n\nAlso, if the debt collector is collecting a valid debt, avoiding or ignoring their call usually won’t make them go away – they may instead find other ways to collect the money from you, including by filing a lawsuit. A debt collector can also help you understand if the debt is yours and what your options are, even if you can’t pay right now."}, {"heading_path": ["Communicating with debt collectors"], "anchor": null, "text": "In addition to using the validation information to follow up with the debt collector, you can use these sample letters to communicate with them:\n\n- I do not owe this debt.\n\n- I need more information about this debt.\n\n- I want the debt collector to stop contacting me.\n\n- I want the debt collector to only contact me through my lawyer.\n\n- I want to specify how the debt collector can contact me.\n\nIf you use any of these letters, it’s important to do so as soon as possible after the debt collector first contacts you, and to keep copies of any letters you send and any other communications. In certain situations, you only have 30 days after you’re contacted to ask for certain information, but even if more than 30 days pass, it’s still a good idea to ask for what you need. Note: These sample letters are not legal advice.\n\nIf it is not your debt or you already paid it, providing documentation can also help your dispute. Ask the debt collector for any evidence they have that indicates you are the correct debtor and what they are relying on to calculate the amount due. You can also notify the debt collector in writing to stop communicating with you."}, {"heading_path": ["You have protections against harassment"], "anchor": null, "text": "While talking with a debt collector can be helpful, it’s also important to know that you have protections against repetitious, excessive and threatening communications. Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, debt collectors violate the law when they harass, oppress, or abuse you.\n\nFor example, if the debt collector is calling you at an inconvenient time or place, you have the right to ask the debt collector to call you at a more convenient time or place you specify.\n\nLearn more about the laws that limit what debt collectors can say or do\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "06e02fbf42b8e949", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/when-and-how-often-can-a-debt-collector-call-me-on-the-phone-en-2110/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/when-and-how-often-can-a-debt-collector-call-me-on-the-phone-en-2110/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "When and how often can a debt collector call me on the phone?", "description": "Understand your rights under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act to avoid harassment and inconvenient calls.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-12-09", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:27Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:45Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:45Z", "word_count": 541, "char_count": 3200, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.132, "quality_score": 0.92, "content_hash": "b8cd0d041abb5de528eabe77a07548924e74668c5b893ade5ac949c59cbeedf2", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "There are laws to prohibit debt collectors from placing repeated or continuous telephone calls to annoy, abuse, or harass you or others who share your phone number. They’re also prohibited from communicating with you at times or places that are inconvenient for you.\n\nWhen can a debt collector call me?\n\nGenerally, debt collectors can’t call you at an unusual time or place, or at a time or place they know is inconvenient to you. They are generally prohibited from contacting you before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m. The law also requires debt collectors to follow instructions you give them about when and where you don’t want to be contacted.\n\nIf you don’t want to receive calls from a debt collector at a particular time or place, such as on the weekends or at work, you should tell the debt collector. If they’re aware you don’t want or are not allowed to receive personal calls at work, for example, they’re not allowed to contact you there.\n\nYou have a right to ask a debt collector to stop contacting you.\n\nHow often can debt collectors call me?\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) prohibits debt collectors from placing repeated or continuous telephone calls to you or having telephone conversations with you with the intent to annoy, abuse, or harass you. “Placing a telephone call” includes telephone calls that the debt collector makes and that go into voicemail.\n\nIn addition, the Debt Collection Rule creates certain “presumptions” to help determine whether debt collectors have violated this law. The debt collector is presumed to violate the law if they place a telephone call to you about a particular debt:\n\n- More than seven times within a seven-day period, or\n\n- Within seven days after engaging in a telephone conversation with you about the particular debt.\n\nFactors such as the frequency and pattern of phone calls and voicemails may also be used to assess whether a debt collector complied with or violated the law. For example, if the debt collector placed seven calls to you about a debt within a seven-day period, but all seven calls were made on the same day, they could be violating the law. There may be some exceptions to this, including if you gave them consent to call more frequently.\n\nThe limits generally apply per debt but in the case of student loan debt – depending on the facts – multiple debts could be counted together as one “particular debt,” so the limits would apply to those debts as a group.\n\nKeep in mind that these presumptions only apply to telephone calls placed by the debt collector to you and don’t apply to other forms of communication, including text messages, emails, in-person interactions, or social media messages, which have other protections.\n\nFor more information about repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations, review the Debt Collection Rule FAQs or see Section 7.1 in the Debt Collection Small Entity Compliance Guide . Your state laws may also provide additional protections, and you can check with your state attorney general’s office for more information.\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.\n\nLearn what to do when a debt collector contacts you.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "There are laws to prohibit debt collectors from placing repeated or continuous telephone calls to annoy, abuse, or harass you or others who share your phone number. They’re also prohibited from communicating with you at times or places that are inconvenient for you."}, {"heading_path": ["When can a debt collector call me?"], "anchor": null, "text": "Generally, debt collectors can’t call you at an unusual time or place, or at a time or place they know is inconvenient to you. They are generally prohibited from contacting you before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m. The law also requires debt collectors to follow instructions you give them about when and where you don’t want to be contacted.\n\nIf you don’t want to receive calls from a debt collector at a particular time or place, such as on the weekends or at work, you should tell the debt collector. If they’re aware you don’t want or are not allowed to receive personal calls at work, for example, they’re not allowed to contact you there.\n\nYou have a right to ask a debt collector to stop contacting you."}, {"heading_path": ["How often can debt collectors call me?"], "anchor": null, "text": "The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) prohibits debt collectors from placing repeated or continuous telephone calls to you or having telephone conversations with you with the intent to annoy, abuse, or harass you. “Placing a telephone call” includes telephone calls that the debt collector makes and that go into voicemail.\n\nIn addition, the Debt Collection Rule creates certain “presumptions” to help determine whether debt collectors have violated this law. The debt collector is presumed to violate the law if they place a telephone call to you about a particular debt:\n\n- More than seven times within a seven-day period, or\n\n- Within seven days after engaging in a telephone conversation with you about the particular debt.\n\nFactors such as the frequency and pattern of phone calls and voicemails may also be used to assess whether a debt collector complied with or violated the law. For example, if the debt collector placed seven calls to you about a debt within a seven-day period, but all seven calls were made on the same day, they could be violating the law. There may be some exceptions to this, including if you gave them consent to call more frequently.\n\nThe limits generally apply per debt but in the case of student loan debt – depending on the facts – multiple debts could be counted together as one “particular debt,” so the limits would apply to those debts as a group.\n\nKeep in mind that these presumptions only apply to telephone calls placed by the debt collector to you and don’t apply to other forms of communication, including text messages, emails, in-person interactions, or social media messages, which have other protections.\n\nFor more information about repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations, review the Debt Collection Rule FAQs or see Section 7.1 in the Debt Collection Small Entity Compliance Guide . Your state laws may also provide additional protections, and you can check with your state attorney general’s office for more information.\n\nIf you're having an issue with debt collection, you can submit a complaint with the CFPB.\n\nLearn what to do when a debt collector contacts you."}]}
{"id": "a062cce3f25a8a49", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/who-can-request-to-see-my-credit-report-en-1305/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/who-can-request-to-see-my-credit-report-en-1305/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Who can request to see my credit report?", "description": "Credit reporting companies can send your credit report to creditors, government authorities, landlords, employers, insurance companies, and others.", "content_type": "qa_answer", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "credit reports and scores"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2024-12-31", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:51Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:09Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:09Z", "word_count": 265, "char_count": 1680, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.014, "quality_score": 0.73, "content_hash": "c592c4662e4ce8dd99a8d7fd3eceeb94372ebcff42aa7c08641b68fe5a13923d", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 2, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) allows a credit reporting company to send your credit report to creditors, government authorities, landlords, employers, insurance companies, and others it believes will use the report for a permissible purpose under the statute such as:\n\n- A credit transaction, such as offering credit, reviewing an account, or collecting on an account\n\n- Offering insurance coverage or setting insurance premium charges\n\n- Employment purposes, including prospective employment or promotion, reassignment, or retention in your current job. You must provide written consent before a prospective or current employer can get a copy of your credit report\n\n- Determining eligibility for government benefits or licenses\n\n- A legitimate business need in connection with a transaction that you initiated, such as a rental application\n\nThe FCRA also permits a credit reporting company to send your credit report in response to:\n\n- Court orders, grand jury subpoenas, or for certain child support awards and enforcement purposes\n\n- Potential investors or servicers, or current insurers of credit portfolios\n\n- Written instructions from you\n\nIn a process called prescreening, the FCRA also permits prospective creditors or insurers to access certain information in your credit file in order to make you a firm offer of credit or insurance. You can opt out of prescreening.\n\nNo one should request your credit report without a valid purpose allowed by the law. Anyone who uses or obtains a copy of your credit report under false pretenses may be subject to civil and criminal penalties. If you have a problem with credit reporting, you can submit a complaint to the CFPB.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) allows a credit reporting company to send your credit report to creditors, government authorities, landlords, employers, insurance companies, and others it believes will use the report for a permissible purpose under the statute such as:\n\n- A credit transaction, such as offering credit, reviewing an account, or collecting on an account\n\n- Offering insurance coverage or setting insurance premium charges\n\n- Employment purposes, including prospective employment or promotion, reassignment, or retention in your current job. You must provide written consent before a prospective or current employer can get a copy of your credit report\n\n- Determining eligibility for government benefits or licenses\n\n- A legitimate business need in connection with a transaction that you initiated, such as a rental application\n\nThe FCRA also permits a credit reporting company to send your credit report in response to:\n\n- Court orders, grand jury subpoenas, or for certain child support awards and enforcement purposes\n\n- Potential investors or servicers, or current insurers of credit portfolios\n\n- Written instructions from you\n\nIn a process called prescreening, the FCRA also permits prospective creditors or insurers to access certain information in your credit file in order to make you a firm offer of credit or insurance. You can opt out of prescreening.\n\nNo one should request your credit report without a valid purpose allowed by the law. Anyone who uses or obtains a copy of your credit report under false pretenses may be subject to civil and criminal penalties. If you have a problem with credit reporting, you can submit a complaint to the CFPB."}]}
{"id": "6c9c26a899099991", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/debt-collection/answers/key-terms/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/debt-collection/answers/key-terms/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Debt collection key terms", "description": "Learn about debt collection, harassment, and more.", "content_type": "guide", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2022-12-28", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:25Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:43Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:43Z", "word_count": 729, "char_count": 4489, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.034, "quality_score": 0.98, "content_hash": "2a63bb074aa9371715c37e4f9170b951a19a17771cd3e0f0990816ae14650c89", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Credit counselor\n\nCredit counselors can help with the following:\n\n- Advise you on managing your money and debts\n\n- Help you develop a budget\n\n- Usually offer free educational materials and workshops\n\nTypically, credit counselors are certified and trained in the areas of consumer credit, money and debt management, and budgeting. Counselors discuss your entire financial situation with you, and help you develop a personalized plan to solve your money problems.\n\nDebt Collection Rule\n\nThe CFPB issued “rules” effective on November 30, 2021 that clarify and interpret the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA).\n\nDebt collector\n\nUnder the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, a debt collector generally is a person or a company that regularly collects debts owed to others, usually when those debts are past-due.\n\nDebt collectors include collection agencies or lawyers who collect debts as part of their business. There are also companies that buy past-due debts from creditors or other businesses and then try to collect them. These debt collectors are also called debt collection agencies, debt collection companies, or debt buyers.\n\nDebt settlement (relief) services\n\nDebt settlement companies are companies that say they can renegotiate, settle, or in some way change the terms of a person's debt to a creditor or debt collector. Dealing with debt settlement companies can be risky.\n\nFair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is the main federal law that governs debt collection practices. The FDCPA prohibits debt collection companies from using abusive, unfair or deceptive practices to collect debts from you. Read more information on your rights under the FDCPA.\n\nGarnishment\n\nA wage or bank account garnishment occurs when a creditor takes a portion of your paycheck or money from your bank account to collect money you owe. Garnishments generally require a court order that results from a judgment. However, certain debts owed to the government may also result in garnishment, even without a judgment.\n\nState and federal laws have limits or “exemptions” that apply to bank account and wage garnishments, usually to make sure you have something left to live on. It is also a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) for a debt collector to threaten that your wages will be garnished if your wages cannot legally be garnished.\n\nJudgment\n\nA judgment is an official result of a lawsuit in court. In debt collection lawsuits, the judge may award the creditor or debt collector a judgment against you. If you don’t respond to a legal complaint, you will lose your chance to defend yourself and you may find that a judgment is entered against you.\n\nIf someone sues you, or if someone has obtained a judgment against you and you are unsure of what to do, talk to an attorney. Some attorneys may offer free services or charge a reduced fee. There may also be legal aid offices or legal clinics in your area who will offer their services for free if you meet certain criteria. Servicemembers should consult their local JAG office .\n\nLimited-content message\n\nUnder the Debt Collection Rule, this is a voicemail message to a consumer that must contain certain required information and may contain other optional content.\n\nOriginal creditor\n\nGenerally speaking, the original creditor is the company that gave you the loan or credit. An original creditor may attempt to collect a past due credit account itself, or it may hire a debt collector. The original creditor also may sell your credit account to a debt collector. A debt collector is a generally a third party who has been contracted specifically to collect on your account, or someone who has purchased it from the original creditor or another debt collector or debt buyer.\n\nStatute of limitations\n\nA statute of limitations is the limited period of time creditors or debt collectors have to file a lawsuit to recover a debt. Most statutes of limitations fall in the three to six years range, although in some jurisdictions they may extend for longer. Statutes of limitation may vary depending on state laws, the type of debt you have, or the state law named in your credit agreement.\n\nValidation notice\n\nA debt collector is required to provide certain information when it first communicates with a consumer, or shortly after. When the debt collector provides this required information electronically or in writing, it is called a validation notice.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Credit counselor\n\nCredit counselors can help with the following:\n\n- Advise you on managing your money and debts\n\n- Help you develop a budget\n\n- Usually offer free educational materials and workshops\n\nTypically, credit counselors are certified and trained in the areas of consumer credit, money and debt management, and budgeting. Counselors discuss your entire financial situation with you, and help you develop a personalized plan to solve your money problems.\n\nDebt Collection Rule\n\nThe CFPB issued “rules” effective on November 30, 2021 that clarify and interpret the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA).\n\nDebt collector\n\nUnder the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, a debt collector generally is a person or a company that regularly collects debts owed to others, usually when those debts are past-due.\n\nDebt collectors include collection agencies or lawyers who collect debts as part of their business. There are also companies that buy past-due debts from creditors or other businesses and then try to collect them. These debt collectors are also called debt collection agencies, debt collection companies, or debt buyers.\n\nDebt settlement (relief) services\n\nDebt settlement companies are companies that say they can renegotiate, settle, or in some way change the terms of a person's debt to a creditor or debt collector. Dealing with debt settlement companies can be risky.\n\nFair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) is the main federal law that governs debt collection practices. The FDCPA prohibits debt collection companies from using abusive, unfair or deceptive practices to collect debts from you. Read more information on your rights under the FDCPA.\n\nGarnishment\n\nA wage or bank account garnishment occurs when a creditor takes a portion of your paycheck or money from your bank account to collect money you owe. Garnishments generally require a court order that results from a judgment. However, certain debts owed to the government may also result in garnishment, even without a judgment.\n\nState and federal laws have limits or “exemptions” that apply to bank account and wage garnishments, usually to make sure you have something left to live on. It is also a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) for a debt collector to threaten that your wages will be garnished if your wages cannot legally be garnished.\n\nJudgment\n\nA judgment is an official result of a lawsuit in court. In debt collection lawsuits, the judge may award the creditor or debt collector a judgment against you. If you don’t respond to a legal complaint, you will lose your chance to defend yourself and you may find that a judgment is entered against you.\n\nIf someone sues you, or if someone has obtained a judgment against you and you are unsure of what to do, talk to an attorney. Some attorneys may offer free services or charge a reduced fee. There may also be legal aid offices or legal clinics in your area who will offer their services for free if you meet certain criteria. Servicemembers should consult their local JAG office .\n\nLimited-content message\n\nUnder the Debt Collection Rule, this is a voicemail message to a consumer that must contain certain required information and may contain other optional content.\n\nOriginal creditor\n\nGenerally speaking, the original creditor is the company that gave you the loan or credit. An original creditor may attempt to collect a past due credit account itself, or it may hire a debt collector. The original creditor also may sell your credit account to a debt collector. A debt collector is a generally a third party who has been contracted specifically to collect on your account, or someone who has purchased it from the original creditor or another debt collector or debt buyer.\n\nStatute of limitations\n\nA statute of limitations is the limited period of time creditors or debt collectors have to file a lawsuit to recover a debt. Most statutes of limitations fall in the three to six years range, although in some jurisdictions they may extend for longer. Statutes of limitation may vary depending on state laws, the type of debt you have, or the state law named in your credit agreement.\n\nValidation notice\n\nA debt collector is required to provide certain information when it first communicates with a consumer, or shortly after. When the debt collector provides this required information electronically or in writing, it is called a validation notice."}]}
{"id": "3d98cdf9e20b1bb0", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/debt-collection/know-your-rights-when-a-debt-collector-calls/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/debt-collection/know-your-rights-when-a-debt-collector-calls/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Know your rights when a debt collector calls", "description": "When a debt collector calls—or sends an e-mail or text message, or contacts you through social media—your best response is to confront the situation head-on.", "content_type": "guide", "language": "en", "tags": ["consumer guidance", "debt collection"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": "2025-06-04", "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:37Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:55Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:55Z", "word_count": 738, "char_count": 4098, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.012, "quality_score": 0.99, "content_hash": "fb41a7178bf43214c1beef7bf046fda58468e1f606ecbe0032e49f64b67323f9", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "When a debt collector calls—or sends an e-mail or text message, or contacts you through social media—your best response is to confront the situation head-on.\n\nYour first instinct may be to hide or ignore the situation and hope it goes away. But that can make things worse.\n\nFirst, be sure the debt collector and the debt are legitimate\n\nFind out:\n\n- Who you’re talking to (get the person’s name)\n\n- The name of the debt collection company\n\n- The company’s address and phone number\n\nAsk the debt collector for:\n\n- The amount owed\n\n- The name of the person or organization the money is owed to\n\n- How you can dispute the debt or verify the debt is yours\n\nIf the debt collector doesn’t tell you this information the first time it contacts you, ask for the information in writing. It is a good idea to get this written notice before you agree to pay the debt collector or try to negotiate.\n\nSecond, identify the debt\n\nIf you recognize the debt\n\nYou can contact the debt collector and try to work out a repayment plan that makes sense for you. Even if a debt is yours, you still have the right not to talk to the debt collector and you can tell the debt collector to stop contacting you. However, telling a debt collector to stop contacting you does not stop the debt collector or lender from using other legal ways to collect the debt from you, if you owe it. For example, they can file a lawsuit against you or report negative information to a credit reporting company.\n\nIf the debt is several years old\n\nBefore making a payment or agreeing to a payment plan for a debt that is old, find out what the statute of limitations is for filing a lawsuit to collect the debt. Legal time limits can apply, and after the limit you might be able to argue that the creditor or debt collector is barred from starting a lawsuit against you. You may want to consult an attorney or the applicable law.\n\nIf you don’t recognize the debt\n\nWrite and dispute all or part of the debt, which means you want the debt collector to send you verification of the debt, including how much you owe and proof that the debt is yours.\n\nYou can ask the debt collector to provide the name and address of the original lender, if the debt has been transferred to another company that is using a debt collector to contact you.\n\nIf you still dispute the debt\n\nAfter you receive verification, you can write the debt collector to tell them the debt is still disputed. If you do not want to negotiate the debt, then write the debt collector that you do not want to be contacted about it again. Keep in mind that the debt collector or lender can still use other legal ways to collect the debt.\n\nThird, keep your letters and messages\n\nKeep any letters or messages you receive, and make copies of any letters or messages you send, in case you need to dispute the issue later.\n\nCFPB answers and sample letters\n\nAt consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/debtcollection you can find more information about your rights, sample letters you can use to respond to a debt collector, key terms, and answers to common questions.\n\nHarassment and deception are illegal\n\nThe Fair Debt Collection Practices Act says people collecting debts can’t harass, oppress, abuse, or deceive you or anyone else they contact.\n\nFor example, debt collectors can’t:\n\n- Call you before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m., in general\n\n- Call you over and over\n\n- Make repeated phone calls that are intended to annoy, abuse, or harass you or any person answering the phone\n\n- Post messages on your social media accounts about your debt (private messages are allowed if the sender tells you they are a debt collector)\n\n- Use obscene or profane language\n\n- Make threats of violence or harm\n\n- Lie about the amount you owe\n\n- Deceive you to collect money, for example by falsely claiming to be law enforcement officers or saying you’ll be arrested if you don’t pay your debt\n\n- Publish lists of people who refuse to pay their debts (this does not include reporting information to a credit reporting company)\n\n- Talk to you without telling you they are a debt collector, or use a fake company name", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "When a debt collector calls—or sends an e-mail or text message, or contacts you through social media—your best response is to confront the situation head-on.\n\nYour first instinct may be to hide or ignore the situation and hope it goes away. But that can make things worse."}, {"heading_path": ["First, be sure the debt collector and the debt are legitimate"], "anchor": "first-be-sure-the-debt-collector-and-the-debt-are-legitimate", "text": "Find out:\n\n- Who you’re talking to (get the person’s name)\n\n- The name of the debt collection company\n\n- The company’s address and phone number\n\nAsk the debt collector for:\n\n- The amount owed\n\n- The name of the person or organization the money is owed to\n\n- How you can dispute the debt or verify the debt is yours\n\nIf the debt collector doesn’t tell you this information the first time it contacts you, ask for the information in writing. It is a good idea to get this written notice before you agree to pay the debt collector or try to negotiate."}, {"heading_path": ["Second, identify the debt", "If you recognize the debt"], "anchor": "if-you-recognize-the-debt", "text": "You can contact the debt collector and try to work out a repayment plan that makes sense for you. Even if a debt is yours, you still have the right not to talk to the debt collector and you can tell the debt collector to stop contacting you. However, telling a debt collector to stop contacting you does not stop the debt collector or lender from using other legal ways to collect the debt from you, if you owe it. For example, they can file a lawsuit against you or report negative information to a credit reporting company."}, {"heading_path": ["Second, identify the debt", "If the debt is several years old"], "anchor": "if-the-debt-is-several-years-old", "text": "Before making a payment or agreeing to a payment plan for a debt that is old, find out what the statute of limitations is for filing a lawsuit to collect the debt. Legal time limits can apply, and after the limit you might be able to argue that the creditor or debt collector is barred from starting a lawsuit against you. You may want to consult an attorney or the applicable law."}, {"heading_path": ["Second, identify the debt", "If you don’t recognize the debt"], "anchor": "if-you-don't-recognize-the-debt", "text": "Write and dispute all or part of the debt, which means you want the debt collector to send you verification of the debt, including how much you owe and proof that the debt is yours.\n\nYou can ask the debt collector to provide the name and address of the original lender, if the debt has been transferred to another company that is using a debt collector to contact you."}, {"heading_path": ["Second, identify the debt", "If you still dispute the debt"], "anchor": "if-you-still-dispute-the-debt", "text": "After you receive verification, you can write the debt collector to tell them the debt is still disputed. If you do not want to negotiate the debt, then write the debt collector that you do not want to be contacted about it again. Keep in mind that the debt collector or lender can still use other legal ways to collect the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["Third, keep your letters and messages"], "anchor": "third-keep-your-letters-and-messages", "text": "Keep any letters or messages you receive, and make copies of any letters or messages you send, in case you need to dispute the issue later."}, {"heading_path": ["CFPB answers and sample letters"], "anchor": "cfpb-answers-and-sample-letters", "text": "At consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/debtcollection you can find more information about your rights, sample letters you can use to respond to a debt collector, key terms, and answers to common questions."}, {"heading_path": ["Harassment and deception are illegal"], "anchor": "harassment-and-deception-are-illegal", "text": "The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act says people collecting debts can’t harass, oppress, abuse, or deceive you or anyone else they contact.\n\nFor example, debt collectors can’t:\n\n- Call you before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m., in general\n\n- Call you over and over\n\n- Make repeated phone calls that are intended to annoy, abuse, or harass you or any person answering the phone\n\n- Post messages on your social media accounts about your debt (private messages are allowed if the sender tells you they are a debt collector)\n\n- Use obscene or profane language\n\n- Make threats of violence or harm\n\n- Lie about the amount you owe\n\n- Deceive you to collect money, for example by falsely claiming to be law enforcement officers or saying you’ll be arrested if you don’t pay your debt\n\n- Publish lists of people who refuse to pay their debts (this does not include reporting information to a credit reporting company)\n\n- Talk to you without telling you they are a debt collector, or use a fake company name"}]}
{"id": "ba16fad6d72669db", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "12 CFR Part 1006 - Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (Regulation F)", "description": "Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_overview", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:19Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:37Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:37Z", "word_count": 108, "char_count": 751, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.187, "quality_score": 0.45, "content_hash": "557be726d02d07b909a55f06d19acc97b964bb1ab5fe9ccb3fb318bc8b92f70f", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 0, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Regulation F implements the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), prescribing Federal rules governing the activities of debt collectors, as that term is defined in the FDCPA.\n\n- View current regulation\n\n- View all versions of this regulation\n\n- Search this regulation\n\nThe debt to be collected includes:\n\n- Consumer Credit\n\n- Open-end credit\n\n- Closed-end credit\n\nThe regulation covers topics such as:\n\n- Communications in connection with debt collection\n\n- Prohibitions on certain conduct in connection with debt collection\n\n- Validation information\n\n- Time-barred debts\n\n- Debt disputes\n\n- State exemption programs\n\n- Record retention\n\nAdditional resources\n\nConsumer FAQs\n\nDebt Collection\n\nOther resources\n\nDebt Collection Compliance Resources", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Regulation F implements the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), prescribing Federal rules governing the activities of debt collectors, as that term is defined in the FDCPA.\n\n- View current regulation\n\n- View all versions of this regulation\n\n- Search this regulation"}, {"heading_path": ["The debt to be collected includes:"], "anchor": "the-debt-to-be-collected-includes", "text": "- Consumer Credit\n\n- Open-end credit\n\n- Closed-end credit"}, {"heading_path": ["The regulation covers topics such as:"], "anchor": "the-regulation-covers-topics-such-as", "text": "- Communications in connection with debt collection\n\n- Prohibitions on certain conduct in connection with debt collection\n\n- Validation information\n\n- Time-barred debts\n\n- Debt disputes\n\n- State exemption programs\n\n- Record retention"}, {"heading_path": ["Additional resources", "Consumer FAQs"], "anchor": null, "text": "Debt Collection"}, {"heading_path": ["Additional resources", "Other resources"], "anchor": null, "text": "Debt Collection Compliance Resources"}]}
{"id": "a7df852d8218307e", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/1/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/1", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.1 Authority, purpose, and coverage.", "description": "§ 1006.1 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:38Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:56Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:56Z", "word_count": 314, "char_count": 2039, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.008, "quality_score": 0.79, "content_hash": "4504d62f30e7c5df929435b065e5fbda7837d8537125d9cfac9c661224932bdb", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Authority. This part, known as Regulation F, is issued by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection pursuant to sections 814(d) and 817 of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA or Act), 15 U.S.C. 1692l(d), 1692o; title X of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), 12 U.S.C. 5481 et seq.; and paragraph (b)(1) of section 104 of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN Act), 15 U.S.C. 7004.\n\n(b) Purpose. This part carries out the purposes of the FDCPA, which include eliminating abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors, ensuring that debt collectors who refrain from using abusive debt collection practices are not competitively disadvantaged, and promoting consistent State action to protect consumers against debt collection abuses. This part also prescribes requirements to ensure that certain features of debt collection are disclosed fully, accurately, and effectively to consumers in a manner that permits consumers to understand the costs, benefits, and risks associated with debt collection, in light of the facts and circumstances. Finally, this part imposes record retention requirements to enable the Bureau to administer and carry out the purposes of the FDCPA, the Dodd-Frank Act, and this part, as well as to prevent evasions thereof. The record retention requirements also will facilitate supervision of debt collectors and the assessment and detection of risks to consumers.\n\n(c) Coverage.\n\n(1) Except as provided in § 1006.108 and appendix A of this part regarding applications for State exemptions from the FDCPA, this part applies to debt collectors, as defined in § 1006.2(i), other than a person excluded from coverage by section 1029(a) of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, title X of the Dodd-Frank Act (12 U.S.C. 5519(a)).\n\n(2) Section 1006.34(c)(2)(iii) and (3)(iv) applies to debt collectors only when they are collecting debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f).", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Authority."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Authority. This part, known as Regulation F, is issued by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection pursuant to sections 814(d) and 817 of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA or Act), 15 U.S.C. 1692l(d), 1692o; title X of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act), 12 U.S.C. 5481 et seq.; and paragraph (b)(1) of section 104 of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN Act), 15 U.S.C. 7004."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Purpose."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Purpose. This part carries out the purposes of the FDCPA, which include eliminating abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors, ensuring that debt collectors who refrain from using abusive debt collection practices are not competitively disadvantaged, and promoting consistent State action to protect consumers against debt collection abuses. This part also prescribes requirements to ensure that certain features of debt collection are disclosed fully, accurately, and effectively to consumers in a manner that permits consumers to understand the costs, benefits, and risks associated with debt collection, in light of the facts and circumstances. Finally, this part imposes record retention requirements to enable the Bureau to administer and carry out the purposes of the FDCPA, the Dodd-Frank Act, and this part, as well as to prevent evasions thereof. The record retention requirements also will facilitate supervision of debt collectors and the assessment and detection of risks to consumers."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Coverage."], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Coverage.\n\n(1) Except as provided in § 1006.108 and appendix A of this part regarding applications for State exemptions from the FDCPA, this part applies to debt collectors, as defined in § 1006.2(i), other than a person excluded from coverage by section 1029(a) of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, title X of the Dodd-Frank Act (12 U.S.C. 5519(a)).\n\n(2) Section 1006.34(c)(2)(iii) and (3)(iv) applies to debt collectors only when they are collecting debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f)."}]}
{"id": "c2cff94be819e3dd", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/10/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/10", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.10 Acquisition of location information.", "description": "§ 1006.10 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:41Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:59Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:59Z", "word_count": 274, "char_count": 1724, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.008, "quality_score": 0.74, "content_hash": "96b2c41755b31a62383960607ee5c6f7e4c90df323926219885d1aac3ca6ee35", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Definition. The term location information means a consumer’s:\n\n(1) Place of abode and telephone number at such place; or\n\n(2) Place of employment.\n\n(b) Form and content of location communications. A debt collector communicating with a person other than the consumer for the purpose of acquiring location information must:\n\n(1) Identify himself or herself individually by name, state that he or she is confirming or correcting the consumer’s location information, and, only if expressly requested, identify his or her employer;\n\n(2) Not state that the consumer owes any debt;\n\n(3) Not communicate by postcard;\n\n(4) Not use any language or symbol on any envelope or in the contents of any communication by mail indicating that the debt collector is in the debt collection business or that the communication relates to the collection of a debt; and\n\n(5) After the debt collector knows the consumer is represented by an attorney with regard to the subject debt and has knowledge of, or can readily ascertain, such attorney’s name and address, not communicate with any person other than that attorney, unless the attorney fails to respond to the debt collector’s communication within a reasonable period of time.\n\n(c) Frequency of location communications. In addition to complying with § 1006.14(b)(1), a debt collector communicating with any person other than the consumer for the purpose of acquiring location information about the consumer must not communicate more than once with such person unless requested to do so by such person, or unless the debt collector reasonably believes that the earlier response of such person is erroneous or incomplete and that such person now has correct or complete location information.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Definition."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Definition. The term location information means a consumer’s:\n\n(1) Place of abode and telephone number at such place; or\n\n(2) Place of employment."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Form and content of location communications."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Form and content of location communications. A debt collector communicating with a person other than the consumer for the purpose of acquiring location information must:\n\n(1) Identify himself or herself individually by name, state that he or she is confirming or correcting the consumer’s location information, and, only if expressly requested, identify his or her employer;\n\n(2) Not state that the consumer owes any debt;\n\n(3) Not communicate by postcard;\n\n(4) Not use any language or symbol on any envelope or in the contents of any communication by mail indicating that the debt collector is in the debt collection business or that the communication relates to the collection of a debt; and\n\n(5) After the debt collector knows the consumer is represented by an attorney with regard to the subject debt and has knowledge of, or can readily ascertain, such attorney’s name and address, not communicate with any person other than that attorney, unless the attorney fails to respond to the debt collector’s communication within a reasonable period of time."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Frequency of location communications."], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Frequency of location communications. In addition to complying with § 1006.14(b)(1), a debt collector communicating with any person other than the consumer for the purpose of acquiring location information about the consumer must not communicate more than once with such person unless requested to do so by such person, or unless the debt collector reasonably believes that the earlier response of such person is erroneous or incomplete and that such person now has correct or complete location information."}]}
{"id": "5d0fe33dfafe599c", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/100/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/100", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.100 Record retention.", "description": "§ 1006.100 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:50Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:08Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:08Z", "word_count": 102, "char_count": 608, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 0.46, "content_hash": "e8896026f6f44307b44e0a32b4f9de766fdaf0c3f542cddfd88db7f8b5492011", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a debt collector must retain records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part starting on the date that the debt collector begins collection activity on a debt until three years after the debt collector’s last collection activity on the debt.\n\n(b) Special rule for telephone call recordings. If a debt collector records telephone calls made in connection with the collection of a debt, the debt collector must retain the recording of each such telephone call for three years after the date of the call.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) In general."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a debt collector must retain records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part starting on the date that the debt collector begins collection activity on a debt until three years after the debt collector’s last collection activity on the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Special rule for telephone call recordings."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Special rule for telephone call recordings. If a debt collector records telephone calls made in connection with the collection of a debt, the debt collector must retain the recording of each such telephone call for three years after the date of the call."}]}
{"id": "fe8c3cca7f06e90c", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/104/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/104", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.104 Relation to State laws.", "description": "§ 1006.104 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:51Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:09Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:09Z", "word_count": 121, "char_count": 716, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 0.48, "content_hash": "edb0b5fb26e9bd9f01918a0692c2eda764fd54152ff09fcfd946ebea2fdeece9", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "Neither the Act nor the corresponding provisions of this part annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to the provisions of the Act or the corresponding provisions of this part from complying with the laws of any State with respect to debt collection practices, except to the extent that those laws are inconsistent with any provision of the Act or the corresponding provisions of this part, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency. For purposes of this section, a State law is not inconsistent with the Act or the corresponding provisions of this part if the protection such law affords any consumer is greater than the protection provided by the Act or the corresponding provisions of this part.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "Neither the Act nor the corresponding provisions of this part annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to the provisions of the Act or the corresponding provisions of this part from complying with the laws of any State with respect to debt collection practices, except to the extent that those laws are inconsistent with any provision of the Act or the corresponding provisions of this part, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency. For purposes of this section, a State law is not inconsistent with the Act or the corresponding provisions of this part if the protection such law affords any consumer is greater than the protection provided by the Act or the corresponding provisions of this part."}]}
{"id": "2380374ae7940342", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/108/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/108", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.108 Exemption for State regulation.", "description": "§ 1006.108 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:52Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:10Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:10Z", "word_count": 135, "char_count": 811, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 0.49, "content_hash": "d537fce53b983fe59b6d36ada75e5419f6f399f3982d8a8190f080d562d0dcec", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Exemption for State regulation. Any State may apply to the Bureau for a determination that, under the laws of that State, any class of debt collection practices within that State is subject to requirements that are substantially similar to those imposed under sections 803 through 812 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692a through 1692j) and the corresponding provisions of this part, and that there is adequate provision for State enforcement of such requirements.\n\n(b) Procedures and criteria. The procedures and criteria whereby States may apply to the Bureau for exemption of a class of debt collection practices within the applying State from the provisions of the Act and the corresponding provisions of this part as provided in section 817 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692o) are set forth in appendix A of this part.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Exemption for State regulation."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Exemption for State regulation. Any State may apply to the Bureau for a determination that, under the laws of that State, any class of debt collection practices within that State is subject to requirements that are substantially similar to those imposed under sections 803 through 812 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692a through 1692j) and the corresponding provisions of this part, and that there is adequate provision for State enforcement of such requirements."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Procedures and criteria."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Procedures and criteria. The procedures and criteria whereby States may apply to the Bureau for exemption of a class of debt collection practices within the applying State from the provisions of the Act and the corresponding provisions of this part as provided in section 817 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692o) are set forth in appendix A of this part."}]}
{"id": "14eed580b6e09ed7", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/14/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/14", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.14 Harassing, oppressive, or abusive conduct.", "description": "§ 1006.14 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:42Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:00Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:00Z", "word_count": 831, "char_count": 5165, "reading_time_minutes": 4, "link_density": 0.004, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "52632187a7937ef783c6960bf039ea782ac3059b8164d1db890f5bcd604fa76d", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) In general. A debt collector must not engage in any conduct the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt, including, but not limited to, the conduct described in paragraphs (b) through (h) of this section.\n\n(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations—\n\n(1) In general. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not place telephone calls or engage any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number.\n\n(2) Telephone call frequencies; presumptions of compliance and violation.\n\n(i) Subject to the exclusions in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a debt collector is presumed to comply with paragraph (b)(1) of this section and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector places a telephone call to a particular person in connection with the collection of a particular debt neither:\n\n(A) More than seven times within seven consecutive days; nor\n\n(B) Within a period of seven consecutive days after having had a telephone conversation with the person in connection with the collection of such debt. The date of the telephone conversation is the first day of the seven-consecutive-day period.\n\n(ii) Subject to the exclusions in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a debt collector is presumed to violate paragraph (b)(1) of this section and FDCPA section 806(5) if the debt collector places a telephone call to a particular person in connection with the collection of a particular debt in excess of either of the telephone call frequencies described in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section.\n\n(3) Certain telephone calls excluded from the telephone call frequencies. Telephone calls placed to a person do not count toward the telephone call frequencies described in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section if they are:\n\n(i) Placed with such person’s prior consent given directly to the debt collector and within a period no longer than seven consecutive days after receiving the prior consent, with the date the debt collector receives prior consent counting as the first day of the seven-consecutive-day period;\n\n(ii) Not connected to the dialed number; or\n\n(iii) Placed to the persons described in § 1006.6(d)(1)(ii) through (vi).\n\n(4) Definition. For purposes of this paragraph (b), particular debt means each of a consumer’s debts in collection. However, in the case of student loan debts, the term particular debt means all student loan debts that a consumer owes or allegedly owes that were serviced under a single account number at the time the debts were obtained by a debt collector.\n\n(c) Violence or other criminal means. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not use or threaten to use violence or other criminal means to harm the physical person, reputation, or property of any person.\n\n(d) Obscene or profane language. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not use obscene or profane language, or language the natural consequence of which is to abuse the hearer or reader.\n\n(e) Debtor’s list. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not publish a list of consumers who allegedly refuse to pay debts, except to a consumer reporting agency or to persons meeting the requirements of sections 603(f) or 604(a)(3) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(f) or 1681b(a)(3)).\n\n(f) Coercive advertisements. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not advertise for sale any debt to coerce payment of the debt.\n\n(g) Meaningful disclosure of identity. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not place telephone calls without meaningfully disclosing the caller’s identity, except as provided in § 1006.10.\n\n(h) Prohibited communication media—\n\n(1) In general. In connection with the collection of any debt, a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a person through a medium of communication if the person has requested that the debt collector not use that medium to communicate with the person.\n\n(2) Exceptions. Notwithstanding the prohibition in paragraph (h)(1) of this section:\n\n(i) If a person opts out of receiving electronic communications from a debt collector, a debt collector may send an electronic confirmation of the person’s request to opt out, provided that the electronic confirmation contains no information other than a statement confirming the person’s request and that the debt collector will honor it;\n\n(ii) If a person initiates contact with a debt collector using a medium of communication that the person previously requested the debt collector not use, the debt collector may respond once through the same medium of communication used by the person; or\n\n(iii) If otherwise required by applicable law, a debt collector may communicate or attempt to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of any debt through a medium of communication that the person has requested the debt collector not use to communicate with the person.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) In general."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) In general. A debt collector must not engage in any conduct the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt, including, but not limited to, the conduct described in paragraphs (b) through (h) of this section."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations—"], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations—\n\n(1) In general. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not place telephone calls or engage any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number.\n\n(2) Telephone call frequencies; presumptions of compliance and violation.\n\n(i) Subject to the exclusions in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a debt collector is presumed to comply with paragraph (b)(1) of this section and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector places a telephone call to a particular person in connection with the collection of a particular debt neither:\n\n(A) More than seven times within seven consecutive days; nor\n\n(B) Within a period of seven consecutive days after having had a telephone conversation with the person in connection with the collection of such debt. The date of the telephone conversation is the first day of the seven-consecutive-day period.\n\n(ii) Subject to the exclusions in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a debt collector is presumed to violate paragraph (b)(1) of this section and FDCPA section 806(5) if the debt collector places a telephone call to a particular person in connection with the collection of a particular debt in excess of either of the telephone call frequencies described in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section.\n\n(3) Certain telephone calls excluded from the telephone call frequencies. Telephone calls placed to a person do not count toward the telephone call frequencies described in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section if they are:\n\n(i) Placed with such person’s prior consent given directly to the debt collector and within a period no longer than seven consecutive days after receiving the prior consent, with the date the debt collector receives prior consent counting as the first day of the seven-consecutive-day period;\n\n(ii) Not connected to the dialed number; or\n\n(iii) Placed to the persons described in § 1006.6(d)(1)(ii) through (vi).\n\n(4) Definition. For purposes of this paragraph (b), particular debt means each of a consumer’s debts in collection. However, in the case of student loan debts, the term particular debt means all student loan debts that a consumer owes or allegedly owes that were serviced under a single account number at the time the debts were obtained by a debt collector."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Violence or other criminal means."], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Violence or other criminal means. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not use or threaten to use violence or other criminal means to harm the physical person, reputation, or property of any person."}, {"heading_path": ["(d) Obscene or profane language."], "anchor": "d", "text": "(d) Obscene or profane language. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not use obscene or profane language, or language the natural consequence of which is to abuse the hearer or reader."}, {"heading_path": ["(e) Debtor’s list."], "anchor": "e", "text": "(e) Debtor’s list. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not publish a list of consumers who allegedly refuse to pay debts, except to a consumer reporting agency or to persons meeting the requirements of sections 603(f) or 604(a)(3) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(f) or 1681b(a)(3))."}, {"heading_path": ["(f) Coercive advertisements."], "anchor": "f", "text": "(f) Coercive advertisements. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not advertise for sale any debt to coerce payment of the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["(g) Meaningful disclosure of identity."], "anchor": "g", "text": "(g) Meaningful disclosure of identity. In connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector must not place telephone calls without meaningfully disclosing the caller’s identity, except as provided in § 1006.10."}, {"heading_path": ["(h) Prohibited communication media—"], "anchor": "h", "text": "(h) Prohibited communication media—\n\n(1) In general. In connection with the collection of any debt, a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a person through a medium of communication if the person has requested that the debt collector not use that medium to communicate with the person.\n\n(2) Exceptions. Notwithstanding the prohibition in paragraph (h)(1) of this section:\n\n(i) If a person opts out of receiving electronic communications from a debt collector, a debt collector may send an electronic confirmation of the person’s request to opt out, provided that the electronic confirmation contains no information other than a statement confirming the person’s request and that the debt collector will honor it;\n\n(ii) If a person initiates contact with a debt collector using a medium of communication that the person previously requested the debt collector not use, the debt collector may respond once through the same medium of communication used by the person; or\n\n(iii) If otherwise required by applicable law, a debt collector may communicate or attempt to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of any debt through a medium of communication that the person has requested the debt collector not use to communicate with the person."}]}
{"id": "4f931dc9f9d39e6c", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/18/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/18", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.18 False, deceptive, or misleading representations or means.", "description": "§ 1006.18 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:43Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:01Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:01Z", "word_count": 707, "char_count": 4398, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "fc8df12f4a9d696a9772894bc710b47002485d3fcc0870173afbaa5af2e39066", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) In general. A debt collector must not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt, including, but not limited to, the conduct described in paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section.\n\n(b) False, deceptive, or misleading representations.\n\n(1) A debt collector must not falsely represent or imply that:\n\n(i) The debt collector is vouched for, bonded by, or affiliated with the United States or any State, including through the use of any badge, uniform, or facsimile thereof.\n\n(ii) The debt collector operates or is employed by a consumer reporting agency, as defined by section 603(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(f)).\n\n(iii) Any individual is an attorney or that any communication is from an attorney.\n\n(iv) The consumer committed any crime or other conduct in order to disgrace the consumer.\n\n(v) A sale, referral, or other transfer of any interest in a debt causes or will cause the consumer to:\n\n(A) Lose any claim or defense to payment of the debt; or\n\n(B) Become subject to any practice prohibited by this part.\n\n(vi) Accounts have been turned over to innocent purchasers for value.\n\n(vii) Documents are legal process.\n\n(viii) Documents are not legal process forms or do not require action by the consumer.\n\n(2) A debt collector must not falsely represent:\n\n(i) The character, amount, or legal status of any debt.\n\n(ii) Any services rendered, or compensation that may be lawfully received, by any debt collector for the collection of a debt.\n\n(3) A debt collector must not represent or imply that nonpayment of any debt will result in the arrest or imprisonment of any person or the seizure, garnishment, attachment, or sale of any property or wages of any person unless such action is lawful and the debt collector or creditor intends to take such action.\n\n(c) False, deceptive, or misleading collection means. A debt collector must not:\n\n(1) Threaten to take any action that cannot legally be taken or that is not intended to be taken.\n\n(2) Communicate or threaten to communicate to any person credit information that the debt collector knows or should know is false, including the failure to communicate that a disputed debt is disputed.\n\n(3) Use or distribute any written communication that simulates or that the debt collector falsely represents to be a document authorized, issued, or approved by any court, official, or agency of the United States or any State, or that creates a false impression about its source, authorization, or approval.\n\n(4) Use any business, company, or organization name other than the true name of the debt collector’s business, company, or organization.\n\n(d) False representations or deceptive means. A debt collector must not use any false representation or deceptive means to collect or attempt to collect any debt or to obtain information concerning a consumer.\n\n(e) Disclosures required—\n\n(1) Initial communications. A debt collector must disclose in its initial communication with a consumer that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose. If the debt collector’s initial communication with the consumer is oral, the debt collector must make the disclosure required by this paragraph again in its initial written communication with the consumer.\n\n(2) Subsequent communications. In each communication with the consumer subsequent to the communications described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, the debt collector must disclose that the communication is from a debt collector.\n\n(3) Exception. Disclosures under paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of this section are not required in a formal pleading made in connection with a legal action.\n\n(4) Translated disclosures. A debt collector must make the disclosures required by paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of this section in the same language or languages used for the rest of the communication in which the debt collector conveyed the disclosures. Any translation of the disclosures a debt collector uses must be complete and accurate.\n\n(f) Assumed names. This section does not prohibit a debt collector’s employee from using an assumed name when communicating or attempting to communicate with a person, provided that the employee uses the assumed name consistently and that the debt collector can readily identify any employee using an assumed name.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) In general."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) In general. A debt collector must not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt, including, but not limited to, the conduct described in paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) False, deceptive, or misleading representations."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) False, deceptive, or misleading representations.\n\n(1) A debt collector must not falsely represent or imply that:\n\n(i) The debt collector is vouched for, bonded by, or affiliated with the United States or any State, including through the use of any badge, uniform, or facsimile thereof.\n\n(ii) The debt collector operates or is employed by a consumer reporting agency, as defined by section 603(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(f)).\n\n(iii) Any individual is an attorney or that any communication is from an attorney.\n\n(iv) The consumer committed any crime or other conduct in order to disgrace the consumer.\n\n(v) A sale, referral, or other transfer of any interest in a debt causes or will cause the consumer to:\n\n(A) Lose any claim or defense to payment of the debt; or\n\n(B) Become subject to any practice prohibited by this part.\n\n(vi) Accounts have been turned over to innocent purchasers for value.\n\n(vii) Documents are legal process.\n\n(viii) Documents are not legal process forms or do not require action by the consumer.\n\n(2) A debt collector must not falsely represent:\n\n(i) The character, amount, or legal status of any debt.\n\n(ii) Any services rendered, or compensation that may be lawfully received, by any debt collector for the collection of a debt.\n\n(3) A debt collector must not represent or imply that nonpayment of any debt will result in the arrest or imprisonment of any person or the seizure, garnishment, attachment, or sale of any property or wages of any person unless such action is lawful and the debt collector or creditor intends to take such action."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) False, deceptive, or misleading collection means."], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) False, deceptive, or misleading collection means. A debt collector must not:\n\n(1) Threaten to take any action that cannot legally be taken or that is not intended to be taken.\n\n(2) Communicate or threaten to communicate to any person credit information that the debt collector knows or should know is false, including the failure to communicate that a disputed debt is disputed.\n\n(3) Use or distribute any written communication that simulates or that the debt collector falsely represents to be a document authorized, issued, or approved by any court, official, or agency of the United States or any State, or that creates a false impression about its source, authorization, or approval.\n\n(4) Use any business, company, or organization name other than the true name of the debt collector’s business, company, or organization."}, {"heading_path": ["(d) False representations or deceptive means."], "anchor": "d", "text": "(d) False representations or deceptive means. A debt collector must not use any false representation or deceptive means to collect or attempt to collect any debt or to obtain information concerning a consumer."}, {"heading_path": ["(e) Disclosures required—"], "anchor": "e", "text": "(e) Disclosures required—\n\n(1) Initial communications. A debt collector must disclose in its initial communication with a consumer that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose. If the debt collector’s initial communication with the consumer is oral, the debt collector must make the disclosure required by this paragraph again in its initial written communication with the consumer.\n\n(2) Subsequent communications. In each communication with the consumer subsequent to the communications described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, the debt collector must disclose that the communication is from a debt collector.\n\n(3) Exception. Disclosures under paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of this section are not required in a formal pleading made in connection with a legal action.\n\n(4) Translated disclosures. A debt collector must make the disclosures required by paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of this section in the same language or languages used for the rest of the communication in which the debt collector conveyed the disclosures. Any translation of the disclosures a debt collector uses must be complete and accurate."}, {"heading_path": ["(f) Assumed names."], "anchor": "f", "text": "(f) Assumed names. This section does not prohibit a debt collector’s employee from using an assumed name when communicating or attempting to communicate with a person, provided that the employee uses the assumed name consistently and that the debt collector can readily identify any employee using an assumed name."}]}
{"id": "f4c29324dbf32062", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/2/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/2", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.2 Definitions.", "description": "§ 1006.2 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:39Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:57Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:57Z", "word_count": 943, "char_count": 5740, "reading_time_minutes": 4, "link_density": 0.002, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "5f9cf71bd255a199d6742edae6114da6f28ae576741acf96b8dabd6d34a9ec22", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "For purposes of this part, the following definitions apply:\n\n(a) Act or FDCPA means the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (15 U.S.C. 1692 et seq.).\n\n(b) Attempt to communicate means any act to initiate a communication or other contact about a debt with any person through any medium, including by soliciting a response from such person. An attempt to communicate includes leaving a limited-content message, as defined in paragraph (j) of this section.\n\n(c) Bureau means the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.\n\n(d) Communicate or communication means the conveying of information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person through any medium.\n\n(e) Consumer means any natural person, whether living or deceased, obligated or allegedly obligated to pay any debt. For purposes of § 1006.6, the term consumer includes the persons described in § 1006.6(a).\n\n(f) Consumer financial product or service has the same meaning given to it in section 1002(5) of the Dodd-Frank Act (12 U.S.C. 5481(5)).\n\n(g) Creditor means any person who offers or extends credit creating a debt or to whom a debt is owed. The term creditor does not, however, include any person to the extent that such person receives an assignment or transfer of a debt in default solely to facilitate collection of the debt for another.\n\n(h) Debt means any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay money arising out of a transaction in which the money, property, insurance, or services that are the subject of the transaction are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, whether or not the obligation has been reduced to judgment.\n\n(i)\n\n(1) Debt collector means any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or mail in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due, or asserted to be owed or due, to another. Notwithstanding paragraph (i)(2)(vi) of this section, the term debt collector includes any creditor that, in the process of collecting its own debts, uses any name other than its own that would indicate that a third person is collecting or attempting to collect such debts. For purposes of § 1006.22(e), the term also includes any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or mail in any business the principal purpose of which is the enforcement of security interests.\n\n(2) The term debt collector excludes:\n\n(i) Any officer or employee of a creditor while the officer or employee is collecting debts for the creditor in the creditor’s name;\n\n(ii) Any person while acting as a debt collector for another person if:\n\n(A) The person acting as a debt collector does so only for persons with whom the person acting as a debt collector is related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control; and\n\n(B) The principal business of the person acting as a debt collector is not the collection of debts;\n\n(iii) Any officer or employee of the United States or any State to the extent that collecting or attempting to collect any debt is in the performance of the officer’s or employee’s official duties;\n\n(iv) Any person while serving or attempting to serve legal process on any other person in connection with the judicial enforcement of any debt;\n\n(v) Any nonprofit organization that, at the request of consumers, performs bona fide consumer credit counseling and assists consumers in liquidating their debts by receiving payment from such consumers and distributing such amounts to creditors;\n\n(vi) Any person collecting or attempting to collect any debt owed or due, or asserted to be owed or due to another, to the extent such debt collection activity:\n\n(A) Is incidental to a bona fide fiduciary obligation or a bona fide escrow arrangement;\n\n(B) Concerns a debt that such person originated;\n\n(C) Concerns a debt that was not in default at the time such person obtained it; or\n\n(D) Concerns a debt that such person obtained as a secured party in a commercial credit transaction involving the creditor; and\n\n(vii) A private entity, to the extent such private entity is operating a bad check enforcement program that complies with section 818 of the Act.\n\n(j) Limited-content message means a voicemail message for a consumer that includes all of the content described in paragraph (j)(1) of this section, that may include any of the content described in paragraph (j)(2) of this section, and that includes no other content.\n\n(1) Required content. A limited-content message is a voicemail message for a consumer that includes:\n\n(i) A business name for the debt collector that does not indicate that the debt collector is in the debt collection business;\n\n(ii) A request that the consumer reply to the message;\n\n(iii) The name or names of one or more natural persons whom the consumer can contact to reply to the debt collector; and\n\n(iv) A telephone number or numbers that the consumer can use to reply to the debt collector.\n\n(2) Optional content. In addition to the content described in paragraph (j)(1) of this section, a limited-content message may include one or more of the following:\n\n(i) A salutation;\n\n(ii) The date and time of the message;\n\n(iii) Suggested dates and times for the consumer to reply to the message; and\n\n(iv) A statement that if the consumer replies, the consumer may speak to any of the company’s representatives or associates.\n\n(k) Person includes natural persons, corporations, companies, associations, firms, partnerships, societies, and joint stock companies.\n\n(l) State means any State, territory, or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any political subdivision of any of the foregoing.", "sections": [{"heading_path": [], "anchor": null, "text": "For purposes of this part, the following definitions apply:"}, {"heading_path": ["(a) Act"], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Act or FDCPA means the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (15 U.S.C. 1692 et seq.)."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Attempt to communicate"], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Attempt to communicate means any act to initiate a communication or other contact about a debt with any person through any medium, including by soliciting a response from such person. An attempt to communicate includes leaving a limited-content message, as defined in paragraph (j) of this section."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Bureau"], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Bureau means the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection."}, {"heading_path": ["(d) Communicate"], "anchor": "d", "text": "(d) Communicate or communication means the conveying of information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person through any medium."}, {"heading_path": ["(e) Consumer"], "anchor": "e", "text": "(e) Consumer means any natural person, whether living or deceased, obligated or allegedly obligated to pay any debt. For purposes of § 1006.6, the term consumer includes the persons described in § 1006.6(a)."}, {"heading_path": ["(f) Consumer financial product or service"], "anchor": "f", "text": "(f) Consumer financial product or service has the same meaning given to it in section 1002(5) of the Dodd-Frank Act (12 U.S.C. 5481(5))."}, {"heading_path": ["(g) Creditor"], "anchor": "g", "text": "(g) Creditor means any person who offers or extends credit creating a debt or to whom a debt is owed. The term creditor does not, however, include any person to the extent that such person receives an assignment or transfer of a debt in default solely to facilitate collection of the debt for another."}, {"heading_path": ["(h) Debt"], "anchor": "h", "text": "(h) Debt means any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay money arising out of a transaction in which the money, property, insurance, or services that are the subject of the transaction are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, whether or not the obligation has been reduced to judgment."}, {"heading_path": ["(i)"], "anchor": "i", "text": "(i)\n\n(1) Debt collector means any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or mail in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due, or asserted to be owed or due, to another. Notwithstanding paragraph (i)(2)(vi) of this section, the term debt collector includes any creditor that, in the process of collecting its own debts, uses any name other than its own that would indicate that a third person is collecting or attempting to collect such debts. For purposes of § 1006.22(e), the term also includes any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or mail in any business the principal purpose of which is the enforcement of security interests.\n\n(2) The term debt collector excludes:\n\n(i) Any officer or employee of a creditor while the officer or employee is collecting debts for the creditor in the creditor’s name;\n\n(ii) Any person while acting as a debt collector for another person if:\n\n(A) The person acting as a debt collector does so only for persons with whom the person acting as a debt collector is related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control; and\n\n(B) The principal business of the person acting as a debt collector is not the collection of debts;\n\n(iii) Any officer or employee of the United States or any State to the extent that collecting or attempting to collect any debt is in the performance of the officer’s or employee’s official duties;\n\n(iv) Any person while serving or attempting to serve legal process on any other person in connection with the judicial enforcement of any debt;\n\n(v) Any nonprofit organization that, at the request of consumers, performs bona fide consumer credit counseling and assists consumers in liquidating their debts by receiving payment from such consumers and distributing such amounts to creditors;\n\n(vi) Any person collecting or attempting to collect any debt owed or due, or asserted to be owed or due to another, to the extent such debt collection activity:\n\n(A) Is incidental to a bona fide fiduciary obligation or a bona fide escrow arrangement;\n\n(B) Concerns a debt that such person originated;\n\n(C) Concerns a debt that was not in default at the time such person obtained it; or\n\n(D) Concerns a debt that such person obtained as a secured party in a commercial credit transaction involving the creditor; and\n\n(vii) A private entity, to the extent such private entity is operating a bad check enforcement program that complies with section 818 of the Act."}, {"heading_path": ["(j) Limited-content message"], "anchor": "j", "text": "(j) Limited-content message means a voicemail message for a consumer that includes all of the content described in paragraph (j)(1) of this section, that may include any of the content described in paragraph (j)(2) of this section, and that includes no other content.\n\n(1) Required content. A limited-content message is a voicemail message for a consumer that includes:\n\n(i) A business name for the debt collector that does not indicate that the debt collector is in the debt collection business;\n\n(ii) A request that the consumer reply to the message;\n\n(iii) The name or names of one or more natural persons whom the consumer can contact to reply to the debt collector; and\n\n(iv) A telephone number or numbers that the consumer can use to reply to the debt collector.\n\n(2) Optional content. In addition to the content described in paragraph (j)(1) of this section, a limited-content message may include one or more of the following:\n\n(i) A salutation;\n\n(ii) The date and time of the message;\n\n(iii) Suggested dates and times for the consumer to reply to the message; and\n\n(iv) A statement that if the consumer replies, the consumer may speak to any of the company’s representatives or associates."}, {"heading_path": ["(k) Person"], "anchor": "k", "text": "(k) Person includes natural persons, corporations, companies, associations, firms, partnerships, societies, and joint stock companies."}, {"heading_path": ["(l) State"], "anchor": "l", "text": "(l) State means any State, territory, or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any political subdivision of any of the foregoing."}]}
{"id": "5dde0f213eeb4197", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/22/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/22", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.22 Unfair or unconscionable means.", "description": "§ 1006.22 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:44Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:02Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:02Z", "word_count": 546, "char_count": 3383, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.008, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "4cf2fa5094e4607b0623a9d4cb60e4f42d7373030cd9ea9ccedf48dfa974f0b5", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) In general. A debt collector must not use unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect any debt, including, but not limited to, the conduct described in paragraphs (b) through (f) of this section.\n\n(b) Collection of unauthorized amounts. A debt collector must not collect any amount unless such amount is expressly authorized by the agreement creating the debt or permitted by law. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “any amount” includes any interest, fee, charge, or expense incidental to the principal obligation.\n\n(c) Postdated payment instruments. A debt collector must not:\n\n(1) Accept from any person a check or other payment instrument postdated by more than five days unless such person is notified in writing of the debt collector’s intent to deposit such check or instrument not more than ten, nor less than three, days (excluding legal public holidays identified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a), Saturdays, and Sundays) prior to such deposit.\n\n(2) Solicit any postdated check or other postdated payment instrument for the purpose of threatening or instituting criminal prosecution.\n\n(3) Deposit or threaten to deposit any postdated check or other postdated payment instrument prior to the date on such check or instrument.\n\n(d) Charges resulting from concealment of purpose. A debt collector must not cause charges to be made to any person for communications by concealment of the true purpose of the communication. Such charges include, but are not limited to, collect telephone calls and telegram fees.\n\n(e) Nonjudicial action regarding property. A debt collector must not take or threaten to take any nonjudicial action to effect dispossession or disablement of property if:\n\n(1) There is no present right to possession of the property claimed as collateral through an enforceable security interest;\n\n(2) There is no present intention to take possession of the property; or\n\n(3) The property is exempt by law from such dispossession or disablement.\n\n(f) Restrictions on use of certain media. A debt collector must not:\n\n(1) Communicate with a consumer regarding a debt by postcard.\n\n(2) Use any language or symbol, other than the debt collector’s address, on any envelope when communicating with a consumer by mail, except that a debt collector may use the debt collector’s business name on an envelope if such name does not indicate that the debt collector is in the debt collection business.\n\n(3) Communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer by sending an email to an email address that the debt collector knows is provided to the consumer by the consumer’s employer, unless the email address is one described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (iii).\n\n(4) Communicate or attempt to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of a debt through a social media platform if the communication or attempt to communicate is viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts.\n\n(g) Safe harbor for certain emails and text messages relating to the collection of a debt. A debt collector who communicates with a consumer by sending an email or text message in accordance with the procedures described in § 1006.6(d)(3) does not violate paragraph (a) of this section by revealing in the email or text message the debt collector’s name or other information indicating that the communication relates to the collection of a debt.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) In general."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) In general. A debt collector must not use unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect any debt, including, but not limited to, the conduct described in paragraphs (b) through (f) of this section."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Collection of unauthorized amounts."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Collection of unauthorized amounts. A debt collector must not collect any amount unless such amount is expressly authorized by the agreement creating the debt or permitted by law. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “any amount” includes any interest, fee, charge, or expense incidental to the principal obligation."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Postdated payment instruments."], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Postdated payment instruments. A debt collector must not:\n\n(1) Accept from any person a check or other payment instrument postdated by more than five days unless such person is notified in writing of the debt collector’s intent to deposit such check or instrument not more than ten, nor less than three, days (excluding legal public holidays identified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a), Saturdays, and Sundays) prior to such deposit.\n\n(2) Solicit any postdated check or other postdated payment instrument for the purpose of threatening or instituting criminal prosecution.\n\n(3) Deposit or threaten to deposit any postdated check or other postdated payment instrument prior to the date on such check or instrument."}, {"heading_path": ["(d) Charges resulting from concealment of purpose."], "anchor": "d", "text": "(d) Charges resulting from concealment of purpose. A debt collector must not cause charges to be made to any person for communications by concealment of the true purpose of the communication. Such charges include, but are not limited to, collect telephone calls and telegram fees."}, {"heading_path": ["(e) Nonjudicial action regarding property."], "anchor": "e", "text": "(e) Nonjudicial action regarding property. A debt collector must not take or threaten to take any nonjudicial action to effect dispossession or disablement of property if:\n\n(1) There is no present right to possession of the property claimed as collateral through an enforceable security interest;\n\n(2) There is no present intention to take possession of the property; or\n\n(3) The property is exempt by law from such dispossession or disablement."}, {"heading_path": ["(f) Restrictions on use of certain media."], "anchor": "f", "text": "(f) Restrictions on use of certain media. A debt collector must not:\n\n(1) Communicate with a consumer regarding a debt by postcard.\n\n(2) Use any language or symbol, other than the debt collector’s address, on any envelope when communicating with a consumer by mail, except that a debt collector may use the debt collector’s business name on an envelope if such name does not indicate that the debt collector is in the debt collection business.\n\n(3) Communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer by sending an email to an email address that the debt collector knows is provided to the consumer by the consumer’s employer, unless the email address is one described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (iii).\n\n(4) Communicate or attempt to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of a debt through a social media platform if the communication or attempt to communicate is viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts."}, {"heading_path": ["(g) Safe harbor for certain emails and text messages relating to the collection of a debt."], "anchor": "g", "text": "(g) Safe harbor for certain emails and text messages relating to the collection of a debt. A debt collector who communicates with a consumer by sending an email or text message in accordance with the procedures described in § 1006.6(d)(3) does not violate paragraph (a) of this section by revealing in the email or text message the debt collector’s name or other information indicating that the communication relates to the collection of a debt."}]}
{"id": "061092199dade03b", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/26/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/26", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.26 Collection of time-barred debts.", "description": "§ 1006.26 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:45Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:03Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:03Z", "word_count": 92, "char_count": 565, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 0.55, "content_hash": "c2e2cd7e37acbf513cb211afe5fc230890a6c845d11ed0e0def4c9d57c62e431", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Definitions. For purposes of this section:\n\n(1) Statute of limitations means the period prescribed by applicable law for bringing a legal action against the consumer to collect a debt.\n\n(2) Time-barred debt means a debt for which the applicable statute of limitations has expired.\n\n(b) Legal actions and threats of legal actions prohibited. A debt collector must not bring or threaten to bring a legal action against a consumer to collect a time-barred debt. This paragraph (b) does not apply to proofs of claim filed in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Definitions."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Definitions. For purposes of this section:\n\n(1) Statute of limitations means the period prescribed by applicable law for bringing a legal action against the consumer to collect a debt.\n\n(2) Time-barred debt means a debt for which the applicable statute of limitations has expired."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Legal actions and threats of legal actions prohibited."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Legal actions and threats of legal actions prohibited. A debt collector must not bring or threaten to bring a legal action against a consumer to collect a time-barred debt. This paragraph (b) does not apply to proofs of claim filed in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding."}]}
{"id": "b203095c6e4a3b6e", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/30/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/30", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.30 Other prohibited practices.", "description": "§ 1006.30 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:46Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:04Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:04Z", "word_count": 702, "char_count": 4371, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "b5c6f27d5983e9c2f9f65e4b4988504c7c562f791ccdea9fad720a7eff1cbe63", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Required actions prior to furnishing information.\n\n(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, a debt collector must not furnish to a consumer reporting agency, as defined in section 603(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(f)), information about a debt before the debt collector:\n\n(i) Speaks to the consumer about the debt in person or by telephone; or\n\n(ii) Places a letter in the mail or sends an electronic message to the consumer about the debt and waits a reasonable period of time to receive a notice of undeliverability. During the reasonable period, the debt collector must permit receipt of, and monitor for, notifications of undeliverability from communications providers. If the debt collector receives such a notification during the reasonable period, the debt collector must not furnish information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency until the debt collector otherwise satisfies paragraph (a)(1) of this section.\n\n(2) Special rule—information furnished to certain specialty consumer reporting agencies. Paragraph (a)(1) of this section does not apply to a debt collector’s furnishing of information about a debt to a nationwide specialty consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains information on a consumer’s check writing history, as described in section 603(x)(3) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(x)(3)).\n\n(b) Prohibition on the sale, transfer for consideration, or placement for collection of certain debts—\n\n(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a debt collector must not sell, transfer for consideration, or place for collection a debt if the debt collector knows or should know that the debt has been paid or settled or discharged in bankruptcy.\n\n(2) Exceptions—\n\n(i) In general. A debt collector may transfer for consideration a debt described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section if the debt collector:\n\n(A) Transfers the debt to the debt’s owner;\n\n(B) Transfers the debt to a previous owner of the debt, if the transfer is authorized under the terms of the original contract between the debt collector and the previous owner; or\n\n(C) Transfers the debt as a result of a merger, acquisition, purchase and assumption transaction, or a transfer of substantially all of the debt collector’s assets.\n\n(ii) Secured claims in bankruptcy. A debt collector may sell, transfer for consideration, or place for collection a debt that has been discharged in bankruptcy if the debt is secured by an enforceable lien and the debt collector notifies the transferee that the consumer’s personal liability for the debt was discharged in bankruptcy.\n\n(iii) Securitizations and pledges of debt. Paragraph (b)(1) of this section does not prohibit the securitization of a debt or the pledging of a portfolio of debt as collateral in connection with a borrowing.\n\n(c) Multiple debts. If a consumer makes any single payment to a debt collector with respect to multiple debts owed by the consumer to the debt collector, the debt collector:\n\n(1) Must not apply the payment to any debt that is disputed by the consumer; and\n\n(2) If applicable, must apply the payment in accordance with the consumer’s directions.\n\n(d) Legal actions by debt collectors—\n\n(1) Action to enforce interest in real property. A debt collector who brings a legal action against a consumer to enforce an interest in real property securing the consumer’s debt must bring the action only in a judicial district or similar legal entity in which such real property is located.\n\n(2) Other legal actions. A debt collector who brings a legal action against a consumer other than to enforce an interest in real property securing the consumer’s debt must bring such action only in the judicial district or similar legal entity in which the consumer:\n\n(i) Signed the contract sued upon; or\n\n(ii) Resides at the commencement of the action.\n\n(3) Authorization of actions. Nothing in this part authorizes debt collectors to bring legal actions.\n\n(e) Furnishing certain deceptive forms. A debt collector must not design, compile, and furnish any form that the debt collector knows would be used to cause a consumer falsely to believe that a person other than the consumer’s creditor is participating in collecting or attempting to collect a debt that the consumer allegedly owes to the creditor.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Required actions prior to furnishing information."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Required actions prior to furnishing information.\n\n(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, a debt collector must not furnish to a consumer reporting agency, as defined in section 603(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(f)), information about a debt before the debt collector:\n\n(i) Speaks to the consumer about the debt in person or by telephone; or\n\n(ii) Places a letter in the mail or sends an electronic message to the consumer about the debt and waits a reasonable period of time to receive a notice of undeliverability. During the reasonable period, the debt collector must permit receipt of, and monitor for, notifications of undeliverability from communications providers. If the debt collector receives such a notification during the reasonable period, the debt collector must not furnish information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency until the debt collector otherwise satisfies paragraph (a)(1) of this section.\n\n(2) Special rule—information furnished to certain specialty consumer reporting agencies. Paragraph (a)(1) of this section does not apply to a debt collector’s furnishing of information about a debt to a nationwide specialty consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains information on a consumer’s check writing history, as described in section 603(x)(3) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(x)(3))."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Prohibition on the sale, transfer for consideration, or placement for collection of certain debts—"], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Prohibition on the sale, transfer for consideration, or placement for collection of certain debts—\n\n(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a debt collector must not sell, transfer for consideration, or place for collection a debt if the debt collector knows or should know that the debt has been paid or settled or discharged in bankruptcy.\n\n(2) Exceptions—\n\n(i) In general. A debt collector may transfer for consideration a debt described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section if the debt collector:\n\n(A) Transfers the debt to the debt’s owner;\n\n(B) Transfers the debt to a previous owner of the debt, if the transfer is authorized under the terms of the original contract between the debt collector and the previous owner; or\n\n(C) Transfers the debt as a result of a merger, acquisition, purchase and assumption transaction, or a transfer of substantially all of the debt collector’s assets.\n\n(ii) Secured claims in bankruptcy. A debt collector may sell, transfer for consideration, or place for collection a debt that has been discharged in bankruptcy if the debt is secured by an enforceable lien and the debt collector notifies the transferee that the consumer’s personal liability for the debt was discharged in bankruptcy.\n\n(iii) Securitizations and pledges of debt. Paragraph (b)(1) of this section does not prohibit the securitization of a debt or the pledging of a portfolio of debt as collateral in connection with a borrowing."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Multiple debts."], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Multiple debts. If a consumer makes any single payment to a debt collector with respect to multiple debts owed by the consumer to the debt collector, the debt collector:\n\n(1) Must not apply the payment to any debt that is disputed by the consumer; and\n\n(2) If applicable, must apply the payment in accordance with the consumer’s directions."}, {"heading_path": ["(d) Legal actions by debt collectors—"], "anchor": "d", "text": "(d) Legal actions by debt collectors—\n\n(1) Action to enforce interest in real property. A debt collector who brings a legal action against a consumer to enforce an interest in real property securing the consumer’s debt must bring the action only in a judicial district or similar legal entity in which such real property is located.\n\n(2) Other legal actions. A debt collector who brings a legal action against a consumer other than to enforce an interest in real property securing the consumer’s debt must bring such action only in the judicial district or similar legal entity in which the consumer:\n\n(i) Signed the contract sued upon; or\n\n(ii) Resides at the commencement of the action.\n\n(3) Authorization of actions. Nothing in this part authorizes debt collectors to bring legal actions."}, {"heading_path": ["(e) Furnishing certain deceptive forms."], "anchor": "e", "text": "(e) Furnishing certain deceptive forms. A debt collector must not design, compile, and furnish any form that the debt collector knows would be used to cause a consumer falsely to believe that a person other than the consumer’s creditor is participating in collecting or attempting to collect a debt that the consumer allegedly owes to the creditor."}]}
{"id": "1ee35df9c8ee108d", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/34/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/34", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.34 Notice for validation of debts.", "description": "§ 1006.34 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:47Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:05Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:05Z", "word_count": 2460, "char_count": 15775, "reading_time_minutes": 11, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "ccd9eab2943447b410875d1bf190b8f543ed81f12919caddf8edd33a707acd98", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Validation information required.\n\n(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, a debt collector must provide a consumer with the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section either:\n\n(i) By sending the consumer a validation notice in the manner required by § 1006.42:\n\n(A) In the initial communication, as defined in paragraph (b)(2) of this section; or\n\n(B) Within five days of that initial communication; or\n\n(ii) By providing the validation information orally in the initial communication.\n\n(2) Exception. A debt collector who otherwise would be required to send a validation notice pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section is not required to do so if the consumer has paid the debt prior to the time that paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section would require the validation notice to be sent.\n\n(b) Definitions. For purposes of this section:\n\n(1) Clear and conspicuous means readily understandable. In the case of written and electronic disclosures, the location and type size also must be readily noticeable and legible to consumers, although no minimum type size is mandated. In the case of oral disclosures, the disclosures also must be given at a volume and speed sufficient for the consumer to hear and comprehend them.\n\n(2) Initial communication means the first time that, in connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector conveys information, directly or indirectly, regarding the debt to the consumer, other than a communication in the form of a formal pleading in a civil action, or any form or notice that does not relate to the collection of the debt and is expressly required by:\n\n(i) The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.);\n\n(ii) Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (15 U.S.C. 6801 through 6827); or\n\n(iii) Any provision of Federal or State law or regulation mandating notice of a data security breach or privacy risk.\n\n(3) Itemization date means any one of the following five reference dates for which a debt collector can ascertain the amount of the debt:\n\n(i) The last statement date, which is the date of the last periodic statement or written account statement or invoice provided to the consumer by a creditor;\n\n(ii) The charge-off date, which is the date the debt was charged off;\n\n(iii) The last payment date, which is the date the last payment was applied to the debt;\n\n(iv) The transaction date, which is the date of the transaction that gave rise to the debt; or\n\n(v) The judgment date, which is the date of a final court judgment that determines the amount of the debt owed by the consumer.\n\n(4) Validation notice means a written or electronic notice that provides the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section.\n\n(5) Validation period means the period starting on the date that a debt collector provides the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section and ending 30 days after the consumer receives or is assumed to receive the validation information. For purposes of determining the end of the validation period, the debt collector may assume that a consumer receives the validation information on any date that is at least five days (excluding legal public holidays identified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a), Saturdays, and Sundays) after the debt collector provides it.\n\n(c) Validation information. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of this section, a debt collector must provide the following validation information.\n\n(1) Debt collector communication disclosure. The statement required by § 1006.18(e).\n\n(2) Information about the debt. Except as provided in paragraph (c)(5) of this section:\n\n(i) The debt collector’s name and the mailing address at which the debt collector accepts disputes and requests for original-creditor information.\n\n(ii) The consumer’s name and mailing address.\n\n(iii) If the debt collector is collecting a debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f), the name of the creditor to whom the debt was owed on the itemization date.\n\n(iv) The account number, if any, associated with the debt on the itemization date, or a truncated version of that number.\n\n(v) The name of the creditor to whom the debt currently is owed.\n\n(vi) The itemization date.\n\n(vii) The amount of the debt on the itemization date.\n\n(viii) An itemization of the current amount of the debt reflecting interest, fees, payments, and credits since the itemization date. A debt collector may disclose the itemization on a separate page provided in the same communication with a validation notice, if the debt collector includes on the validation notice, where the itemization would have appeared, a statement referring to that separate page.\n\n(ix) The current amount of the debt.\n\n(3) Information about consumer protections.\n\n(i) The date that the debt collector will consider the end date of the validation period and a statement that, if the consumer notifies the debt collector in writing on or before that date that the debt, or any portion of the debt, is disputed, the debt collector must cease collection of the debt, or the disputed portion of the debt, until the debt collector sends the consumer either verification of the debt or a copy of a judgment.\n\n(ii) The date that the debt collector will consider the end date of the validation period and a statement that, if the consumer requests in writing on or before that date the name and address of the original creditor, the debt collector must cease collection of the debt until the debt collector sends the consumer the name and address of the original creditor, if different from the current creditor.\n\n(iii) The date that the debt collector will consider the end date of the validation period and a statement that, unless the consumer contacts the debt collector to dispute the validity of the debt, or any portion of the debt, on or before that date, the debt collector will assume that the debt is valid.\n\n(iv) If the debt collector is collecting debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f), a statement that informs the consumer that additional information regarding consumer protections in debt collection is available on the Bureau’s website at www.cfpb.gov/debt-collection.\n\n(v) If the debt collector sends the validation notice electronically, a statement explaining how a consumer can, as described in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section, dispute the debt or request original-creditor information electronically.\n\n(4) Consumer-response information. The following information, segregated from the validation information required by paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section and from any optional information included pursuant to paragraphs (d)(3)(i), (ii), (iii)(A), (iv), (v), (vi)(A), (vii), and (viii) of this section, and, if provided on a validation notice, located at the bottom of the notice under the headings, “How do you want to respond?” and “Check all that apply:”:\n\n(i) Dispute prompts. The following statements, listed in the following order, and using the following phrasing or substantially similar phrasing, each next to a prompt:\n\n(A) “I want to dispute the debt because I think:”;\n\n(B) “This is not my debt.”;\n\n(C) “The amount is wrong.”; and\n\n(D) “Other (please describe on reverse or attach additional information).”\n\n(ii) Original-creditor information prompt. The statement, “I want you to send me the name and address of the original creditor.”, using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase, next to a prompt.\n\n(iii) Mailing addresses. Mailing addresses for the consumer and the debt collector, which are the debt collector’s and the consumer’s names and mailing addresses as disclosed pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(i) and (ii).\n\n(5) Special rule for certain residential mortgage debt. For residential mortgage debt, if a periodic statement is required under Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41, at the time a debt collector provides the validation notice, a debt collector need not provide the validation information required by paragraphs (c)(2)(vi) through (viii) of this section if the debt collector:\n\n(i) Provides the consumer, in the same communication with the validation notice, a copy of the most recent periodic statement provided to the consumer under Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41(b); and\n\n(ii) Includes on the validation notice, where the validation information required by paragraphs (c)(2)(vi) through (viii) of this section would have appeared, a statement referring to that periodic statement.\n\n(d) Form of validation information.\n\n(1) In general. The validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section must be clear and conspicuous.\n\n(2) Safe harbor.\n\n(i) In general. Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part contains the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section and certain optional disclosures permitted by paragraph (d)(3) of this section. A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 complies with the information and form requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d)(1) of this section, including if the debt collector:\n\n(A) Omits any or all of the optional disclosures shown on Model Form B–1; or\n\n(B) Adds any or all of the optional disclosures described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that are not shown on Model Form B–1, provided that any such optional disclosures are no more prominent than any of the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section.\n\n(ii) Certain disclosures on a separate page. A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 as described in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section and who, pursuant to paragraphs (c)(2)(viii) or (5) of this section, includes certain disclosures on a separate page in the same communication with the validation notice and, on the notice, the required statement referring to those disclosures, receives a safe harbor for compliance with the information and form requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d)(1) of this section except with respect to the disclosures on the separate page.\n\n(iii) Substantially similar form. A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 as described in paragraphs (d)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section may make changes to the form and retain a safe harbor for compliance with the information and form requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d)(1) of this section provided that the form remains substantially similar to Model Form B–1.\n\n(3) Optional disclosures. A debt collector may include any of the following information when providing the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section. A debt collector who includes any of the following information receives the safe harbor described in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, provided that the debt collector otherwise uses Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part, or a variation of Model Form B–1, as described in paragraph (d)(2) of this section.\n\n(i) Telephone contact information. The debt collector’s telephone contact information.\n\n(ii) Reference code. A number or code that the debt collector uses to identify the debt or the consumer.\n\n(iii) Payment disclosures. Either or both of the following phrases:\n\n(A) The statement, “Contact us about your payment options.”, using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase; and\n\n(B) Below the consumer-response information required by paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section, the statement, “I enclosed this amount:”, using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase, payment instructions after that statement, and a prompt.\n\n(iv) Disclosures under applicable law.\n\n(A) Disclosures on the reverse of the validation notice. On the reverse of the validation notice, any disclosures that are specifically required by, or that provide safe harbors under, applicable law and, if any such disclosures are included, a statement on the front of the validation notice referring to those disclosures. Any such disclosures must not appear directly on the reverse of the consumer-response information required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section.\n\n(B) Disclosures on the front of the validation notice. If a debt collector is collecting time-barred debt, on the front of the validation notice below the disclosure required by paragraph (c)(2)(ix) of this section, any time-barred debt disclosure that is specifically required by, or that provides a safe harbor under, applicable law, provided that applicable law specifies the content of the disclosure.\n\n(v) Information about electronic communications. The following information:\n\n(A) The debt collector’s website and email address.\n\n(B) If the validation information is not provided electronically, a statement explaining how a consumer can, as described in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section, dispute the debt or request original-creditor information electronically.\n\n(vi) Spanish-language translation disclosures. Either or both of the following disclosures regarding a consumer’s ability to request a Spanish-language translation of a validation notice:\n\n(A) The statement, “Póngase en contacto con nosotros para solicitar una copia de este formulario en español” (which means “Contact us to request a copy of this form in Spanish”), using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase in Spanish. If providing this optional disclosure, a debt collector may include supplemental information in Spanish that specifies how a consumer may request a Spanish-language validation notice.\n\n(B) With the consumer-response information required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the statement “Quiero este formulario en español” (which means “I want this form in Spanish”), using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase in Spanish, next to a prompt.\n\n(vii) The merchant brand, affinity brand, or facility name, if any, associated with the debt.\n\n(viii) If a debt collector is collecting debt other than debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f), the information specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(iii) or (c)(3)(iv) of this section.\n\n(4) Validation notices delivered electronically. If a debt collector delivers a validation notice electronically, a debt collector may, at its option, format the validation notice as follows:\n\n(i) Prompts. Any prompt required by paragraphs (c)(4)(i) or (ii) or paragraphs (d)(3)(iii)(B) or (vi)(B) of this section may be displayed electronically as a fillable field.\n\n(ii) Hyperlinks. Hyperlinks may be embedded that, when clicked:\n\n(A) Connect a consumer to the debt collector’s website;\n\n(B) Connect a consumer to the Bureau’s debt collection website as disclosed pursuant to paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section; or\n\n(C) Permit a consumer to respond to the dispute and original-creditor information prompts required by paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section.\n\n(e) Translation into other languages.\n\n(1) In general. A debt collector may send a consumer a validation notice completely and accurately translated into any language if the debt collector:\n\n(i) Sends the consumer an English-language validation notice in the same communication as the translated validation notice; or\n\n(ii) Previously provided the consumer an English-language validation notice, in which case the debt collector need not send the consumer an English-language validation notice in the same communication as the translated validation notice.\n\n(2) Spanish-language validation notice—requirement to provide after optional disclosure. A debt collector who includes in the validation information either or both of the optional disclosures described in paragraph (d)(3)(vi) of this section, and who thereafter receives a request from the consumer for a Spanish-language validation notice, must provide the consumer a validation notice completely and accurately translated into Spanish.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Validation information required."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Validation information required.\n\n(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, a debt collector must provide a consumer with the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section either:\n\n(i) By sending the consumer a validation notice in the manner required by § 1006.42:\n\n(A) In the initial communication, as defined in paragraph (b)(2) of this section; or\n\n(B) Within five days of that initial communication; or\n\n(ii) By providing the validation information orally in the initial communication.\n\n(2) Exception. A debt collector who otherwise would be required to send a validation notice pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section is not required to do so if the consumer has paid the debt prior to the time that paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) of this section would require the validation notice to be sent."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Definitions."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Definitions. For purposes of this section:\n\n(1) Clear and conspicuous means readily understandable. In the case of written and electronic disclosures, the location and type size also must be readily noticeable and legible to consumers, although no minimum type size is mandated. In the case of oral disclosures, the disclosures also must be given at a volume and speed sufficient for the consumer to hear and comprehend them.\n\n(2) Initial communication means the first time that, in connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector conveys information, directly or indirectly, regarding the debt to the consumer, other than a communication in the form of a formal pleading in a civil action, or any form or notice that does not relate to the collection of the debt and is expressly required by:\n\n(i) The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.);\n\n(ii) Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (15 U.S.C. 6801 through 6827); or\n\n(iii) Any provision of Federal or State law or regulation mandating notice of a data security breach or privacy risk.\n\n(3) Itemization date means any one of the following five reference dates for which a debt collector can ascertain the amount of the debt:\n\n(i) The last statement date, which is the date of the last periodic statement or written account statement or invoice provided to the consumer by a creditor;\n\n(ii) The charge-off date, which is the date the debt was charged off;\n\n(iii) The last payment date, which is the date the last payment was applied to the debt;\n\n(iv) The transaction date, which is the date of the transaction that gave rise to the debt; or\n\n(v) The judgment date, which is the date of a final court judgment that determines the amount of the debt owed by the consumer.\n\n(4) Validation notice means a written or electronic notice that provides the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section.\n\n(5) Validation period means the period starting on the date that a debt collector provides the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section and ending 30 days after the consumer receives or is assumed to receive the validation information. For purposes of determining the end of the validation period, the debt collector may assume that a consumer receives the validation information on any date that is at least five days (excluding legal public holidays identified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a), Saturdays, and Sundays) after the debt collector provides it."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Validation information."], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Validation information. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of this section, a debt collector must provide the following validation information.\n\n(1) Debt collector communication disclosure. The statement required by § 1006.18(e).\n\n(2) Information about the debt. Except as provided in paragraph (c)(5) of this section:\n\n(i) The debt collector’s name and the mailing address at which the debt collector accepts disputes and requests for original-creditor information.\n\n(ii) The consumer’s name and mailing address.\n\n(iii) If the debt collector is collecting a debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f), the name of the creditor to whom the debt was owed on the itemization date.\n\n(iv) The account number, if any, associated with the debt on the itemization date, or a truncated version of that number.\n\n(v) The name of the creditor to whom the debt currently is owed.\n\n(vi) The itemization date.\n\n(vii) The amount of the debt on the itemization date.\n\n(viii) An itemization of the current amount of the debt reflecting interest, fees, payments, and credits since the itemization date. A debt collector may disclose the itemization on a separate page provided in the same communication with a validation notice, if the debt collector includes on the validation notice, where the itemization would have appeared, a statement referring to that separate page.\n\n(ix) The current amount of the debt.\n\n(3) Information about consumer protections.\n\n(i) The date that the debt collector will consider the end date of the validation period and a statement that, if the consumer notifies the debt collector in writing on or before that date that the debt, or any portion of the debt, is disputed, the debt collector must cease collection of the debt, or the disputed portion of the debt, until the debt collector sends the consumer either verification of the debt or a copy of a judgment.\n\n(ii) The date that the debt collector will consider the end date of the validation period and a statement that, if the consumer requests in writing on or before that date the name and address of the original creditor, the debt collector must cease collection of the debt until the debt collector sends the consumer the name and address of the original creditor, if different from the current creditor.\n\n(iii) The date that the debt collector will consider the end date of the validation period and a statement that, unless the consumer contacts the debt collector to dispute the validity of the debt, or any portion of the debt, on or before that date, the debt collector will assume that the debt is valid.\n\n(iv) If the debt collector is collecting debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f), a statement that informs the consumer that additional information regarding consumer protections in debt collection is available on the Bureau’s website at www.cfpb.gov/debt-collection.\n\n(v) If the debt collector sends the validation notice electronically, a statement explaining how a consumer can, as described in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section, dispute the debt or request original-creditor information electronically.\n\n(4) Consumer-response information. The following information, segregated from the validation information required by paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section and from any optional information included pursuant to paragraphs (d)(3)(i), (ii), (iii)(A), (iv), (v), (vi)(A), (vii), and (viii) of this section, and, if provided on a validation notice, located at the bottom of the notice under the headings, “How do you want to respond?” and “Check all that apply:”:\n\n(i) Dispute prompts. The following statements, listed in the following order, and using the following phrasing or substantially similar phrasing, each next to a prompt:\n\n(A) “I want to dispute the debt because I think:”;\n\n(B) “This is not my debt.”;\n\n(C) “The amount is wrong.”; and\n\n(D) “Other (please describe on reverse or attach additional information).”\n\n(ii) Original-creditor information prompt. The statement, “I want you to send me the name and address of the original creditor.”, using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase, next to a prompt.\n\n(iii) Mailing addresses. Mailing addresses for the consumer and the debt collector, which are the debt collector’s and the consumer’s names and mailing addresses as disclosed pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(i) and (ii).\n\n(5) Special rule for certain residential mortgage debt. For residential mortgage debt, if a periodic statement is required under Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41, at the time a debt collector provides the validation notice, a debt collector need not provide the validation information required by paragraphs (c)(2)(vi) through (viii) of this section if the debt collector:\n\n(i) Provides the consumer, in the same communication with the validation notice, a copy of the most recent periodic statement provided to the consumer under Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41(b); and\n\n(ii) Includes on the validation notice, where the validation information required by paragraphs (c)(2)(vi) through (viii) of this section would have appeared, a statement referring to that periodic statement."}, {"heading_path": ["(d) Form of validation information."], "anchor": "d", "text": "(d) Form of validation information.\n\n(1) In general. The validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section must be clear and conspicuous.\n\n(2) Safe harbor.\n\n(i) In general. Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part contains the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section and certain optional disclosures permitted by paragraph (d)(3) of this section. A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 complies with the information and form requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d)(1) of this section, including if the debt collector:\n\n(A) Omits any or all of the optional disclosures shown on Model Form B–1; or\n\n(B) Adds any or all of the optional disclosures described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that are not shown on Model Form B–1, provided that any such optional disclosures are no more prominent than any of the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section.\n\n(ii) Certain disclosures on a separate page. A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 as described in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section and who, pursuant to paragraphs (c)(2)(viii) or (5) of this section, includes certain disclosures on a separate page in the same communication with the validation notice and, on the notice, the required statement referring to those disclosures, receives a safe harbor for compliance with the information and form requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d)(1) of this section except with respect to the disclosures on the separate page.\n\n(iii) Substantially similar form. A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 as described in paragraphs (d)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section may make changes to the form and retain a safe harbor for compliance with the information and form requirements of paragraphs (c) and (d)(1) of this section provided that the form remains substantially similar to Model Form B–1.\n\n(3) Optional disclosures. A debt collector may include any of the following information when providing the validation information required by paragraph (c) of this section. A debt collector who includes any of the following information receives the safe harbor described in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, provided that the debt collector otherwise uses Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part, or a variation of Model Form B–1, as described in paragraph (d)(2) of this section.\n\n(i) Telephone contact information. The debt collector’s telephone contact information.\n\n(ii) Reference code. A number or code that the debt collector uses to identify the debt or the consumer.\n\n(iii) Payment disclosures. Either or both of the following phrases:\n\n(A) The statement, “Contact us about your payment options.”, using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase; and\n\n(B) Below the consumer-response information required by paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section, the statement, “I enclosed this amount:”, using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase, payment instructions after that statement, and a prompt.\n\n(iv) Disclosures under applicable law.\n\n(A) Disclosures on the reverse of the validation notice. On the reverse of the validation notice, any disclosures that are specifically required by, or that provide safe harbors under, applicable law and, if any such disclosures are included, a statement on the front of the validation notice referring to those disclosures. Any such disclosures must not appear directly on the reverse of the consumer-response information required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section.\n\n(B) Disclosures on the front of the validation notice. If a debt collector is collecting time-barred debt, on the front of the validation notice below the disclosure required by paragraph (c)(2)(ix) of this section, any time-barred debt disclosure that is specifically required by, or that provides a safe harbor under, applicable law, provided that applicable law specifies the content of the disclosure.\n\n(v) Information about electronic communications. The following information:\n\n(A) The debt collector’s website and email address.\n\n(B) If the validation information is not provided electronically, a statement explaining how a consumer can, as described in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section, dispute the debt or request original-creditor information electronically.\n\n(vi) Spanish-language translation disclosures. Either or both of the following disclosures regarding a consumer’s ability to request a Spanish-language translation of a validation notice:\n\n(A) The statement, “Póngase en contacto con nosotros para solicitar una copia de este formulario en español” (which means “Contact us to request a copy of this form in Spanish”), using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase in Spanish. If providing this optional disclosure, a debt collector may include supplemental information in Spanish that specifies how a consumer may request a Spanish-language validation notice.\n\n(B) With the consumer-response information required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the statement “Quiero este formulario en español” (which means “I want this form in Spanish”), using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase in Spanish, next to a prompt.\n\n(vii) The merchant brand, affinity brand, or facility name, if any, associated with the debt.\n\n(viii) If a debt collector is collecting debt other than debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f), the information specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(iii) or (c)(3)(iv) of this section.\n\n(4) Validation notices delivered electronically. If a debt collector delivers a validation notice electronically, a debt collector may, at its option, format the validation notice as follows:\n\n(i) Prompts. Any prompt required by paragraphs (c)(4)(i) or (ii) or paragraphs (d)(3)(iii)(B) or (vi)(B) of this section may be displayed electronically as a fillable field.\n\n(ii) Hyperlinks. Hyperlinks may be embedded that, when clicked:\n\n(A) Connect a consumer to the debt collector’s website;\n\n(B) Connect a consumer to the Bureau’s debt collection website as disclosed pursuant to paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section; or\n\n(C) Permit a consumer to respond to the dispute and original-creditor information prompts required by paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section."}, {"heading_path": ["(e) Translation into other languages."], "anchor": "e", "text": "(e) Translation into other languages.\n\n(1) In general. A debt collector may send a consumer a validation notice completely and accurately translated into any language if the debt collector:\n\n(i) Sends the consumer an English-language validation notice in the same communication as the translated validation notice; or\n\n(ii) Previously provided the consumer an English-language validation notice, in which case the debt collector need not send the consumer an English-language validation notice in the same communication as the translated validation notice.\n\n(2) Spanish-language validation notice—requirement to provide after optional disclosure. A debt collector who includes in the validation information either or both of the optional disclosures described in paragraph (d)(3)(vi) of this section, and who thereafter receives a request from the consumer for a Spanish-language validation notice, must provide the consumer a validation notice completely and accurately translated into Spanish."}]}
{"id": "80e344906bfd8525", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/38/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/38", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.38 Disputes and requests for original-creditor information.", "description": "§ 1006.38 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:48Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:06Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:06Z", "word_count": 483, "char_count": 3009, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.007, "quality_score": 0.98, "content_hash": "0693bffce06cc7bd92f436657dc26cadd7eff394e8fbd5934ec34c8c826dcdb7", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:\n\n(1) Duplicative dispute means a dispute submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period that:\n\n(i) Is substantially the same as a dispute previously submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period for which the debt collector already has satisfied the requirements of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section; and\n\n(ii) Does not include new and material information to support the dispute.\n\n(2) Validation period has the same meaning given to it in § 1006.34(b)(5).\n\n(b) Overshadowing of rights to dispute or request original-creditor information.\n\n(1) Prohibition. During the validation period, a debt collector must not engage in any collection activities or communications that overshadow or are inconsistent with the disclosure of the consumer’s rights to dispute the debt and to request the name and address of the original creditor.\n\n(2) Safe harbor. A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part in a manner described in § 1006.34(d)(2) has not thereby violated paragraph (b)(1) of this section.\n\n(c) Requests for original-creditor information. Upon receipt of a request for the name and address of the original creditor submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period, a debt collector must cease collection of the debt until the debt collector:\n\n(1) In general. Sends the name and address of the original creditor to the consumer in writing or electronically in the manner required by § 1006.42; or\n\n(2) Special rule if the current creditor and the original creditor are the same. In lieu of taking the actions described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, reasonably determines that the original creditor is the same as the current creditor, notifies the consumer of that fact in writing or electronically in the manner required by § 1006.42, and refers the consumer to the validation information previously provided pursuant to § 1006.34(a)(1).\n\n(d) Disputes—\n\n(1) Failure to dispute. The failure of a consumer to dispute the validity of a debt does not constitute a legal admission of liability by the consumer.\n\n(2) Response to disputes. Upon receipt of a dispute submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period, a debt collector must cease collection of the debt, or any disputed portion of the debt, until the debt collector:\n\n(i) Sends a copy either of verification of the debt or of a judgment to the consumer in writing or electronically in the manner required by § 1006.42; or\n\n(ii) In the case of a dispute that the debt collector reasonably determines is a duplicative dispute, either:\n\n(A) Notifies the consumer in writing or electronically in the manner required by § 1006.42(a)(1) that the dispute is duplicative, provides a brief statement of the reasons for the determination, and refers the consumer to the debt collector’s response to the earlier dispute; or\n\n(B) Satisfies paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Definitions."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:\n\n(1) Duplicative dispute means a dispute submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period that:\n\n(i) Is substantially the same as a dispute previously submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period for which the debt collector already has satisfied the requirements of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section; and\n\n(ii) Does not include new and material information to support the dispute.\n\n(2) Validation period has the same meaning given to it in § 1006.34(b)(5)."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Overshadowing of rights to dispute or request original-creditor information."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Overshadowing of rights to dispute or request original-creditor information.\n\n(1) Prohibition. During the validation period, a debt collector must not engage in any collection activities or communications that overshadow or are inconsistent with the disclosure of the consumer’s rights to dispute the debt and to request the name and address of the original creditor.\n\n(2) Safe harbor. A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part in a manner described in § 1006.34(d)(2) has not thereby violated paragraph (b)(1) of this section."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Requests for original-creditor information."], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Requests for original-creditor information. Upon receipt of a request for the name and address of the original creditor submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period, a debt collector must cease collection of the debt until the debt collector:\n\n(1) In general. Sends the name and address of the original creditor to the consumer in writing or electronically in the manner required by § 1006.42; or\n\n(2) Special rule if the current creditor and the original creditor are the same. In lieu of taking the actions described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, reasonably determines that the original creditor is the same as the current creditor, notifies the consumer of that fact in writing or electronically in the manner required by § 1006.42, and refers the consumer to the validation information previously provided pursuant to § 1006.34(a)(1)."}, {"heading_path": ["(d) Disputes—"], "anchor": "d", "text": "(d) Disputes—\n\n(1) Failure to dispute. The failure of a consumer to dispute the validity of a debt does not constitute a legal admission of liability by the consumer.\n\n(2) Response to disputes. Upon receipt of a dispute submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period, a debt collector must cease collection of the debt, or any disputed portion of the debt, until the debt collector:\n\n(i) Sends a copy either of verification of the debt or of a judgment to the consumer in writing or electronically in the manner required by § 1006.42; or\n\n(ii) In the case of a dispute that the debt collector reasonably determines is a duplicative dispute, either:\n\n(A) Notifies the consumer in writing or electronically in the manner required by § 1006.42(a)(1) that the dispute is duplicative, provides a brief statement of the reasons for the determination, and refers the consumer to the debt collector’s response to the earlier dispute; or\n\n(B) Satisfies paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section."}]}
{"id": "76599bf3cc60a61a", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/42/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/42", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.42 Sending required disclosures.", "description": "§ 1006.42 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:49Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:07Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:07Z", "word_count": 155, "char_count": 978, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 0.62, "content_hash": "0c6e9c5bca34abeecf3aa61b7ae46f3e397426a22b30981b9b4c3655c05ad211", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Sending required disclosures—\n\n(1) In general. A debt collector who sends disclosures required by the Act and this part in writing or electronically must do so in a manner that is reasonably expected to provide actual notice, and in a form that the consumer may keep and access later.\n\n(2) Exceptions. A debt collector need not comply with paragraph (a)(1) of this section when sending the disclosure required by § 1006.6(e) or § 1006.18(e) in writing or electronically, unless the disclosure is included on a notice required by § 1006.34(a)(1)(i) or § 1006.38(c) or (d)(2).\n\n(b) Requirements for certain disclosures sent electronically. To comply with paragraph (a) of this section, a debt collector who sends the notice required by § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(B), or the disclosures described in § 1006.38(c) or (d)(2)(i), electronically must do so in accordance with section 101(c) of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN Act) (15 U.S.C. 7001(c)).", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Sending required disclosures—"], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Sending required disclosures—\n\n(1) In general. A debt collector who sends disclosures required by the Act and this part in writing or electronically must do so in a manner that is reasonably expected to provide actual notice, and in a form that the consumer may keep and access later.\n\n(2) Exceptions. A debt collector need not comply with paragraph (a)(1) of this section when sending the disclosure required by § 1006.6(e) or § 1006.18(e) in writing or electronically, unless the disclosure is included on a notice required by § 1006.34(a)(1)(i) or § 1006.38(c) or (d)(2)."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Requirements for certain disclosures sent electronically."], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Requirements for certain disclosures sent electronically. To comply with paragraph (a) of this section, a debt collector who sends the notice required by § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(B), or the disclosures described in § 1006.38(c) or (d)(2)(i), electronically must do so in accordance with section 101(c) of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN Act) (15 U.S.C. 7001(c))."}]}
{"id": "72d729619b7848c9", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/6/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/6", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "§ 1006.6 Communications in connection with debt collection.", "description": "§ 1006.6 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_section", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:40Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:58Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:24:58Z", "word_count": 1676, "char_count": 10418, "reading_time_minutes": 7, "link_density": 0.001, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "db3a958bc0beeedc903f0c9c74f8c768993bc8a679b7e23eb3d3fb3d248d707b", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "(a) Definition. For purposes of this section, the term consumer includes:\n\n(1) The consumer’s spouse;\n\n(2) The consumer’s parent, if the consumer is a minor;\n\n(3) The consumer’s legal guardian;\n\n(4) The executor or administrator of the consumer’s estate, if the consumer is deceased; and\n\n(5) A confirmed successor in interest, as defined in Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.31, or Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(27)(ii).\n\n(b) Communications with a consumer—\n\n(1) Prohibitions regarding unusual or inconvenient times or places. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt:\n\n(i) At any unusual time, or at a time that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. In the absence of the debt collector’s knowledge of circumstances to the contrary, a time before 8:00 a.m. and after 9:00 p.m. local time at the consumer’s location is inconvenient; or\n\n(ii) At any unusual place, or at a place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer.\n\n(2) Prohibitions regarding consumer represented by an attorney. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt if the debt collector knows the consumer is represented by an attorney with respect to such debt and knows, or can readily ascertain, the attorney’s name and address, unless the attorney:\n\n(i) Fails to respond within a reasonable period of time to a communication from the debt collector; or\n\n(ii) Consents to the debt collector’s direct communication with the consumer.\n\n(3) Prohibitions regarding consumer’s place of employment. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt at the consumer’s place of employment, if the debt collector knows or has reason to know that the consumer’s employer prohibits the consumer from receiving such communication.\n\n(4) Exceptions. The prohibitions in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section do not apply when a debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt with:\n\n(i) The prior consent of the consumer, given directly to the debt collector during a communication that does not violate paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section; or\n\n(ii) The express permission of a court of competent jurisdiction.\n\n(c) Communications with a consumer—after refusal to pay or cease communication notice—\n\n(1) Prohibition. Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, if a consumer notifies a debt collector in writing that the consumer refuses to pay a debt or that the consumer wants the debt collector to cease further communication with the consumer, the debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate further with the consumer with respect to such debt.\n\n(2) Exceptions. The prohibition in paragraph (c)(1) of this section does not apply when a debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate further with a consumer with respect to such debt:\n\n(i) To advise the consumer that the debt collector’s further efforts are being terminated;\n\n(ii) To notify the consumer that the debt collector or creditor may invoke specified remedies that the debt collector or creditor ordinarily invokes; or\n\n(iii) Where applicable, to notify the consumer that the debt collector or creditor intends to invoke a specified remedy.\n\n(d) Communications with third parties—\n\n(1) Prohibitions. Except as provided in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, a debt collector must not communicate, in connection with the collection of any debt, with any person other than:\n\n(i) The consumer;\n\n(ii) The consumer’s attorney;\n\n(iii) A consumer reporting agency, if otherwise permitted by law;\n\n(iv) The creditor;\n\n(v) The creditor’s attorney; or\n\n(vi) The debt collector’s attorney.\n\n(2) Exceptions. The prohibition in paragraph (d)(1) of this section does not apply when a debt collector communicates, in connection with the collection of any debt, with a person:\n\n(i) For the purpose of acquiring location information, as provided in § 1006.10;\n\n(ii) With the prior consent of the consumer given directly to the debt collector;\n\n(iii) With the express permission of a court of competent jurisdiction; or\n\n(iv) As reasonably necessary to effectuate a postjudgment judicial remedy.\n\n(3) Reasonable procedures for email and text message communications. A debt collector maintains procedures that are reasonably adapted, for purposes of FDCPA section 813(c), to avoid a bona fide error in sending an email or text message communication that would result in a violation of paragraph (d)(1) of this section if those procedures include steps to reasonably confirm and document that:\n\n(i) The debt collector communicated with the consumer by sending an email to an email address described in paragraph (d)(4) of this section or a text message to a telephone number described in paragraph (d)(5) of this section; and\n\n(ii) The debt collector did not communicate with the consumer by sending an email to an email address or a text message to a telephone number that the debt collector knows has led to a disclosure prohibited by paragraph (d)(1) of this section.\n\n(4) Procedures for email addresses. For purposes of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, a debt collector may send an email to an email address if:\n\n(i) Procedures based on communication between the consumer and the debt collector.\n\n(A) The consumer used the email address to communicate with the debt collector about the debt and the consumer has not since opted out of communications to that email address; or\n\n(B) The debt collector has received directly from the consumer prior consent to use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt and the consumer has not withdrawn that consent; or\n\n(ii) Procedures based on communication by the creditor.\n\n(A) A creditor obtained the email address from the consumer;\n\n(B) The creditor used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the account and the consumer did not ask the creditor to stop using it;\n\n(C) Before the debt collector used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt, the creditor sent the consumer a written or electronic notice, to an address the creditor obtained from the consumer and used to communicate with the consumer about the account, that clearly and conspicuously disclosed:\n\n(1) That the debt has been or will be transferred to the debt collector;\n\n(2) The email address and the fact that the debt collector might use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt;\n\n(3) That, if others have access to the email address, then it is possible they may see the emails;\n\n(4) Instructions for a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer could opt out of such communications; and\n\n(5) The date by which the debt collector or the creditor must receive the consumer’s request to opt out, which must be at least 35 days after the date the notice is sent;\n\n(D) The opt-out period provided under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(5) of this section has expired and the consumer has not opted out; and\n\n(E) The email address has a domain name that is available for use by the general public, unless the debt collector knows the address is provided by the consumer’s employer.\n\n(iii) Procedures based on communication by the prior debt collector.\n\n(A) Any prior debt collector obtained the email address in accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section;\n\n(B) The immediately prior debt collector used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt; and\n\n(C) The consumer did not opt out of such communications.\n\n(5) Procedures for telephone numbers for text messages. For purposes of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, a debt collector may send a text message to a telephone number if:\n\n(i) The consumer used the telephone number to communicate with the debt collector about the debt by text message, the consumer has not since opted out of text message communications to that telephone number, and within the past 60 days either:\n\n(A) The consumer sent the text message described in paragraph (d)(5)(i) of this section or a new text message to the debt collector from that telephone number; or\n\n(B) The debt collector confirmed, using a complete and accurate database, that the telephone number has not been reassigned from the consumer to another user since the date of the consumer’s most recent text message to the debt collector from that telephone number; or\n\n(ii) The debt collector received directly from the consumer prior consent to use the telephone number to communicate with the consumer about the debt by text message, the consumer has not since withdrawn that consent, and within the past 60 days the debt collector either:\n\n(A) Obtained the prior consent described in paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section or renewed consent from the consumer; or\n\n(B) Confirmed, using a complete and accurate database, that the telephone number has not been reassigned from the consumer to another user since the date of the consumer’s most recent consent to use that telephone number to communicate about the debt by text message.\n\n(e) Opt-out notice for electronic communications or attempts to communicate. A debt collector who communicates or attempts to communicate with a consumer electronically in connection with the collection of a debt using a specific email address, telephone number for text messages, or other electronic-medium address must include in such communication or attempt to communicate a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer can opt out of further electronic communications or attempts to communicate by the debt collector to that address or telephone number. The debt collector may not require, directly or indirectly, that the consumer, in order to opt out, pay any fee to the debt collector or provide any information other than the consumer’s opt-out preferences and the email address, telephone number for text messages, or other electronic-medium address subject to the opt-out request.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["(a) Definition."], "anchor": "a", "text": "(a) Definition. For purposes of this section, the term consumer includes:\n\n(1) The consumer’s spouse;\n\n(2) The consumer’s parent, if the consumer is a minor;\n\n(3) The consumer’s legal guardian;\n\n(4) The executor or administrator of the consumer’s estate, if the consumer is deceased; and\n\n(5) A confirmed successor in interest, as defined in Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.31, or Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(27)(ii)."}, {"heading_path": ["(b) Communications with a consumer—"], "anchor": "b", "text": "(b) Communications with a consumer—\n\n(1) Prohibitions regarding unusual or inconvenient times or places. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt:\n\n(i) At any unusual time, or at a time that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. In the absence of the debt collector’s knowledge of circumstances to the contrary, a time before 8:00 a.m. and after 9:00 p.m. local time at the consumer’s location is inconvenient; or\n\n(ii) At any unusual place, or at a place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer.\n\n(2) Prohibitions regarding consumer represented by an attorney. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt if the debt collector knows the consumer is represented by an attorney with respect to such debt and knows, or can readily ascertain, the attorney’s name and address, unless the attorney:\n\n(i) Fails to respond within a reasonable period of time to a communication from the debt collector; or\n\n(ii) Consents to the debt collector’s direct communication with the consumer.\n\n(3) Prohibitions regarding consumer’s place of employment. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt at the consumer’s place of employment, if the debt collector knows or has reason to know that the consumer’s employer prohibits the consumer from receiving such communication.\n\n(4) Exceptions. The prohibitions in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section do not apply when a debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt with:\n\n(i) The prior consent of the consumer, given directly to the debt collector during a communication that does not violate paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section; or\n\n(ii) The express permission of a court of competent jurisdiction."}, {"heading_path": ["(c) Communications with a consumer—after refusal to pay or cease communication notice—"], "anchor": "c", "text": "(c) Communications with a consumer—after refusal to pay or cease communication notice—\n\n(1) Prohibition. Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, if a consumer notifies a debt collector in writing that the consumer refuses to pay a debt or that the consumer wants the debt collector to cease further communication with the consumer, the debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate further with the consumer with respect to such debt.\n\n(2) Exceptions. The prohibition in paragraph (c)(1) of this section does not apply when a debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate further with a consumer with respect to such debt:\n\n(i) To advise the consumer that the debt collector’s further efforts are being terminated;\n\n(ii) To notify the consumer that the debt collector or creditor may invoke specified remedies that the debt collector or creditor ordinarily invokes; or\n\n(iii) Where applicable, to notify the consumer that the debt collector or creditor intends to invoke a specified remedy."}, {"heading_path": ["(d) Communications with third parties—"], "anchor": "d", "text": "(d) Communications with third parties—\n\n(1) Prohibitions. Except as provided in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, a debt collector must not communicate, in connection with the collection of any debt, with any person other than:\n\n(i) The consumer;\n\n(ii) The consumer’s attorney;\n\n(iii) A consumer reporting agency, if otherwise permitted by law;\n\n(iv) The creditor;\n\n(v) The creditor’s attorney; or\n\n(vi) The debt collector’s attorney.\n\n(2) Exceptions. The prohibition in paragraph (d)(1) of this section does not apply when a debt collector communicates, in connection with the collection of any debt, with a person:\n\n(i) For the purpose of acquiring location information, as provided in § 1006.10;\n\n(ii) With the prior consent of the consumer given directly to the debt collector;\n\n(iii) With the express permission of a court of competent jurisdiction; or\n\n(iv) As reasonably necessary to effectuate a postjudgment judicial remedy.\n\n(3) Reasonable procedures for email and text message communications. A debt collector maintains procedures that are reasonably adapted, for purposes of FDCPA section 813(c), to avoid a bona fide error in sending an email or text message communication that would result in a violation of paragraph (d)(1) of this section if those procedures include steps to reasonably confirm and document that:\n\n(i) The debt collector communicated with the consumer by sending an email to an email address described in paragraph (d)(4) of this section or a text message to a telephone number described in paragraph (d)(5) of this section; and\n\n(ii) The debt collector did not communicate with the consumer by sending an email to an email address or a text message to a telephone number that the debt collector knows has led to a disclosure prohibited by paragraph (d)(1) of this section.\n\n(4) Procedures for email addresses. For purposes of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, a debt collector may send an email to an email address if:\n\n(i) Procedures based on communication between the consumer and the debt collector.\n\n(A) The consumer used the email address to communicate with the debt collector about the debt and the consumer has not since opted out of communications to that email address; or\n\n(B) The debt collector has received directly from the consumer prior consent to use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt and the consumer has not withdrawn that consent; or\n\n(ii) Procedures based on communication by the creditor.\n\n(A) A creditor obtained the email address from the consumer;\n\n(B) The creditor used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the account and the consumer did not ask the creditor to stop using it;\n\n(C) Before the debt collector used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt, the creditor sent the consumer a written or electronic notice, to an address the creditor obtained from the consumer and used to communicate with the consumer about the account, that clearly and conspicuously disclosed:\n\n(1) That the debt has been or will be transferred to the debt collector;\n\n(2) The email address and the fact that the debt collector might use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt;\n\n(3) That, if others have access to the email address, then it is possible they may see the emails;\n\n(4) Instructions for a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer could opt out of such communications; and\n\n(5) The date by which the debt collector or the creditor must receive the consumer’s request to opt out, which must be at least 35 days after the date the notice is sent;\n\n(D) The opt-out period provided under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(5) of this section has expired and the consumer has not opted out; and\n\n(E) The email address has a domain name that is available for use by the general public, unless the debt collector knows the address is provided by the consumer’s employer.\n\n(iii) Procedures based on communication by the prior debt collector.\n\n(A) Any prior debt collector obtained the email address in accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section;\n\n(B) The immediately prior debt collector used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt; and\n\n(C) The consumer did not opt out of such communications.\n\n(5) Procedures for telephone numbers for text messages. For purposes of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, a debt collector may send a text message to a telephone number if:\n\n(i) The consumer used the telephone number to communicate with the debt collector about the debt by text message, the consumer has not since opted out of text message communications to that telephone number, and within the past 60 days either:\n\n(A) The consumer sent the text message described in paragraph (d)(5)(i) of this section or a new text message to the debt collector from that telephone number; or\n\n(B) The debt collector confirmed, using a complete and accurate database, that the telephone number has not been reassigned from the consumer to another user since the date of the consumer’s most recent text message to the debt collector from that telephone number; or\n\n(ii) The debt collector received directly from the consumer prior consent to use the telephone number to communicate with the consumer about the debt by text message, the consumer has not since withdrawn that consent, and within the past 60 days the debt collector either:\n\n(A) Obtained the prior consent described in paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section or renewed consent from the consumer; or\n\n(B) Confirmed, using a complete and accurate database, that the telephone number has not been reassigned from the consumer to another user since the date of the consumer’s most recent consent to use that telephone number to communicate about the debt by text message."}, {"heading_path": ["(e) Opt-out notice for electronic communications or attempts to communicate."], "anchor": "e", "text": "(e) Opt-out notice for electronic communications or attempts to communicate. A debt collector who communicates or attempts to communicate with a consumer electronically in connection with the collection of a debt using a specific email address, telephone number for text messages, or other electronic-medium address must include in such communication or attempt to communicate a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer can opt out of further electronic communications or attempts to communicate by the debt collector to that address or telephone number. The debt collector may not require, directly or indirectly, that the consumer, in order to opt out, pay any fee to the debt collector or provide any information other than the consumer’s opt-out preferences and the email address, telephone number for text messages, or other electronic-medium address subject to the opt-out request."}]}
{"id": "aa8f3a78a3efa542", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/a/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/A", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Appendix A to Part 1006 — Procedures for State Application for Exemption from the Provisions of the Act", "description": "Appendix A is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_appendix", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:53Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:11Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:11Z", "word_count": 1940, "char_count": 12424, "reading_time_minutes": 8, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "18ac1557a0bd84ee9dd44b5922f3554c7944c7a8171ec3a4fe77704ebe35c72d", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "I. Purpose and Definitions\n\n(a) This appendix establishes procedures and criteria whereby States may apply to the Bureau for exemption of a class of debt collection practices within the applying State from the provisions of the Act and the corresponding provisions of this part as provided in section 817 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692o).\n\n(b) For purposes of this appendix:\n\n(1) Applicant State law means the State law that, for a class of debt collection practices within that State, is claimed to contain requirements that are substantially similar to the requirements that relevant Federal law imposes on that class of debt collection practices, and that contains adequate provision for State enforcement.\n\n(2) Class of debt collection practices includes one or more such classes of debt collection practices referred to in paragraph I(b)(1) of this appendix.\n\n(3) Relevant Federal law means sections 803 through 812 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692a through 1692j) and the corresponding provisions of this part.\n\n(4) State law includes State statutes, any regulations that implement State statutes, and formal interpretations of State statutes or regulations by a court of competent jurisdiction or duly authorized State agency.\n\nII. Application\n\nAny State may apply to the Bureau pursuant to the terms of this appendix for a determination that the applicant State law contains requirements that, for a class of debt collection practices within that State, are substantially similar to the requirements that relevant Federal law imposes on that class of debt collection practices, and that the applicant State law contains adequate provision for State enforcement. The application must be in writing, addressed to the Assistant Director, Office of Regulations, Division of Research, Monitoring, and Regulations, Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 1700 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20552, signed by the Governor, Attorney General, or State official having primary enforcement responsibility under the State law that applies to the class of debt collection practices, and must be supported by the documents specified in this appendix.\n\nIII. Supporting Documents\n\nThe application must be accompanied by the following, which may be submitted in paper or electronic form:\n\n(a) A copy of the applicant State law.\n\n(b) A comparison of each provision of relevant Federal law with the corresponding provisions of the applicant State law, together with reasons supporting the claim that the corresponding provisions of the applicant State law are substantially similar to the provisions of relevant Federal law, and an explanation as to why any differences between the State statute or regulation and Federal law are not inconsistent with the provisions of relevant Federal law and do not result in a diminution in the protection otherwise afforded consumers; and a statement that no other State laws (including administrative or judicial interpretations) are related to, or would have an effect upon, the State law that is being considered by the Bureau in making its determination.\n\n(c) A comparison of the provisions of the State law that provide for enforcement with the provisions of section 814 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692l), together with reasons supporting the claim that the applicant State law provides for adequate administrative enforcement.\n\n(d) A statement identifying the office designated or to be designated to enforce the applicant State law. The statement must show how the office provides for adequate enforcement of the applicant State law, including by showing that the office has necessary facilities, personnel, and funding. The statement must include, for example, complete information regarding the fiscal arrangements for administrative enforcement (including the amount of funds available or to be provided), the number and qualifications of personnel engaged or to be engaged in enforcement, and a description of the procedures under which the applicant State law is to be enforced by the State.\n\nIV. Criteria for Determination\n\nThe Bureau will consider the criteria set forth below, and any other relevant information, in determining whether the applicant State law is substantially similar to relevant Federal law and whether there is adequate provision for enforcement of the applicant State law. In making that determination, the Bureau primarily will consider each provision of the applicant State law in comparison with each corresponding provision in relevant Federal law, and not the State law as a whole in comparison with the Act as a whole.\n\n(a)\n\n(1) In order for the applicant State law to be substantially similar to relevant Federal law, the applicant State law at least must provide that:\n\n(i) Definitions and rules of construction, as applicable, import a meaning and have an application that are substantially similar to those prescribed by relevant Federal law.\n\n(ii) Debt collectors provide all of the applicable notices required by relevant Federal law, with the content and in the terminology, form, and time periods prescribed pursuant to relevant Federal law. The Bureau may determine whether additional notice requirements under the applicant State law affect a determination that the applicant State law is substantially similar to relevant Federal law.\n\n(iii) Debt collectors take all affirmative actions and abide by obligations substantially similar to those prescribed by relevant Federal law under substantially similar conditions and within substantially similar time periods as are prescribed under relevant Federal law;\n\n(iv) Debt collectors abide by prohibitions that are substantially similar to those prescribed by relevant Federal law;\n\n(v) Consumers’ obligations or responsibilities are no more costly, lengthy, or burdensome than consumers’ corresponding obligations or responsibilities under relevant Federal law; and\n\n(vi) Consumers’ rights and protections are substantially similar to those provided by relevant Federal law under conditions or within time periods that are substantially similar to those prescribed by relevant Federal law.\n\n(2) In applying the criteria set forth in paragraph IV(a)(1) of this appendix, the Bureau will not consider adversely any additional requirements of State law that are not inconsistent with the purpose of the Act or the requirements imposed under relevant Federal law.\n\n(b) In determining whether provisions for enforcement of the applicant State law are adequate, consideration will be given to the extent to which, under the applicant State law, provision is made for administrative enforcement, including necessary facilities, personnel, and funding.\n\nV. Public Comment\n\nIn connection with any application that has been filed in accordance with the requirements of parts II and III of this appendix and following initial review of the application, a proposed rule concerning the application for exemption will be published by the Bureau in the Federal Register, and a copy of such application will be made available for examination by interested persons during business hours at the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 1700 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20552. A comment period will be allowed from the date of such publication for interested parties to submit written comments to the Bureau regarding that application.\n\nVI. Exemption from Requirements\n\nIf the Bureau determines on the basis of the information before it that, under the applicant State law, a class of debt collection practices is subject to requirements substantially similar to those imposed under relevant Federal law and that there is adequate provision for State enforcement, the Bureau will exempt the class of debt collection practices in that State from the requirements of relevant Federal law and section 814 of the Act in the following manner and subject to the following conditions:\n\n(a) A final rule granting the exemption will be published in the Federal Register, and the Bureau will furnish a copy of such rule to the State official who made application for such exemption, to each Federal authority responsible for administrative enforcement of the requirements of relevant Federal law, and to the Attorney General of the United States. Any exemption granted will be effective 90 days after the date of publication of such rule in the Federal Register.\n\n(b) Any State that receives an exemption must, through its appropriate official, take the following steps:\n\n(i) Inform the Assistant Director, Office of Regulations, Division of Research, Monitoring, and Regulations, Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 1700 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20552 in writing within 30 days of any change in the applicant State law. The report of any such change must contain copies of the full text of that change, together with statements setting forth the information and opinions regarding that change that are specified in paragraph III.\n\n(ii) Provide, not later than two years after the date the exemption is granted, and every two years thereafter, a report to the Bureau in writing concerning the manner in which the State has enforced the applicant State law in the preceding two years and an update of the information required under paragraph III(d) of this appendix.\n\n(c) The Bureau will inform any State that receives such an exemption, through its appropriate official, of any subsequent amendments of the Act or this part that might necessitate the amendment of State law for the exemption to continue.\n\n(d) After an exemption is granted, the requirements of the applicable State law constitute the requirements of relevant Federal law, except to the extent such State law imposes requirements not imposed by the Act or this part.\n\nVII. Adverse Determination\n\n(a) If, after publication of a proposed rule in the Federal Register as provided under part V of this appendix, the Bureau finds on the basis of the information before it that it cannot make a favorable determination in connection with the application, the Bureau will notify the appropriate State official of the facts upon which such findings are based and will afford that State authority a reasonable opportunity to submit additional materials that demonstrate the basis for granting an exemption.\n\n(b) If, after having afforded the State authority such opportunity to demonstrate the basis for granting an exemption, the Bureau finds on the basis of the information before it that it still cannot make a favorable determination in connection with the application, the Bureau will publish in the Federal Register a final rule containing its determination regarding the application and will furnish a copy of such rule to the State official who made application for such exemption.\n\nVIII. Revocation of Exemption\n\n(a) The Bureau reserves the right to revoke any exemption granted under the provisions of the Act or this part, if at any time it determines that the State law does not, in fact, impose requirements that are substantially similar to relevant Federal law or that there is not, in fact, adequate provision for State enforcement.\n\n(b) Before revoking any such exemption, the Bureau will notify the State of the facts or conduct that, in the Bureau’s opinion, warrant such revocation, and will afford that State such opportunity as the Bureau deems appropriate in the circumstances to demonstrate continued eligibility for an exemption.\n\n(c) If, after having been afforded the opportunity to demonstrate or achieve compliance, the Bureau determines that the State has not done so, a proposed rule to revoke such exemption will be published in the Federal Register. A comment period will be allowed from the date of such publication for interested persons to submit written comments to the Bureau regarding the intention to revoke.\n\n(d) If such exemption is revoked, a final rule revoking the exemption will be published by the Bureau in the Federal Register, and a copy of such rule will be furnished to the State, to the Federal authorities responsible for enforcement of the requirements of the Act, and to the Attorney General of the United States. The revocation becomes effective, and the class of debt collection practices affected within that State become subject to the requirements of sections 803 through 812 of the Act and the corresponding provisions of this part, 90 days after the date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["I. Purpose and Definitions"], "anchor": null, "text": "(a) This appendix establishes procedures and criteria whereby States may apply to the Bureau for exemption of a class of debt collection practices within the applying State from the provisions of the Act and the corresponding provisions of this part as provided in section 817 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692o).\n\n(b) For purposes of this appendix:\n\n(1) Applicant State law means the State law that, for a class of debt collection practices within that State, is claimed to contain requirements that are substantially similar to the requirements that relevant Federal law imposes on that class of debt collection practices, and that contains adequate provision for State enforcement.\n\n(2) Class of debt collection practices includes one or more such classes of debt collection practices referred to in paragraph I(b)(1) of this appendix.\n\n(3) Relevant Federal law means sections 803 through 812 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692a through 1692j) and the corresponding provisions of this part.\n\n(4) State law includes State statutes, any regulations that implement State statutes, and formal interpretations of State statutes or regulations by a court of competent jurisdiction or duly authorized State agency."}, {"heading_path": ["II. Application"], "anchor": null, "text": "Any State may apply to the Bureau pursuant to the terms of this appendix for a determination that the applicant State law contains requirements that, for a class of debt collection practices within that State, are substantially similar to the requirements that relevant Federal law imposes on that class of debt collection practices, and that the applicant State law contains adequate provision for State enforcement. The application must be in writing, addressed to the Assistant Director, Office of Regulations, Division of Research, Monitoring, and Regulations, Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 1700 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20552, signed by the Governor, Attorney General, or State official having primary enforcement responsibility under the State law that applies to the class of debt collection practices, and must be supported by the documents specified in this appendix."}, {"heading_path": ["III. Supporting Documents"], "anchor": null, "text": "The application must be accompanied by the following, which may be submitted in paper or electronic form:\n\n(a) A copy of the applicant State law.\n\n(b) A comparison of each provision of relevant Federal law with the corresponding provisions of the applicant State law, together with reasons supporting the claim that the corresponding provisions of the applicant State law are substantially similar to the provisions of relevant Federal law, and an explanation as to why any differences between the State statute or regulation and Federal law are not inconsistent with the provisions of relevant Federal law and do not result in a diminution in the protection otherwise afforded consumers; and a statement that no other State laws (including administrative or judicial interpretations) are related to, or would have an effect upon, the State law that is being considered by the Bureau in making its determination.\n\n(c) A comparison of the provisions of the State law that provide for enforcement with the provisions of section 814 of the Act (15 U.S.C. 1692l), together with reasons supporting the claim that the applicant State law provides for adequate administrative enforcement.\n\n(d) A statement identifying the office designated or to be designated to enforce the applicant State law. The statement must show how the office provides for adequate enforcement of the applicant State law, including by showing that the office has necessary facilities, personnel, and funding. The statement must include, for example, complete information regarding the fiscal arrangements for administrative enforcement (including the amount of funds available or to be provided), the number and qualifications of personnel engaged or to be engaged in enforcement, and a description of the procedures under which the applicant State law is to be enforced by the State."}, {"heading_path": ["IV. Criteria for Determination"], "anchor": null, "text": "The Bureau will consider the criteria set forth below, and any other relevant information, in determining whether the applicant State law is substantially similar to relevant Federal law and whether there is adequate provision for enforcement of the applicant State law. In making that determination, the Bureau primarily will consider each provision of the applicant State law in comparison with each corresponding provision in relevant Federal law, and not the State law as a whole in comparison with the Act as a whole.\n\n(a)\n\n(1) In order for the applicant State law to be substantially similar to relevant Federal law, the applicant State law at least must provide that:\n\n(i) Definitions and rules of construction, as applicable, import a meaning and have an application that are substantially similar to those prescribed by relevant Federal law.\n\n(ii) Debt collectors provide all of the applicable notices required by relevant Federal law, with the content and in the terminology, form, and time periods prescribed pursuant to relevant Federal law. The Bureau may determine whether additional notice requirements under the applicant State law affect a determination that the applicant State law is substantially similar to relevant Federal law.\n\n(iii) Debt collectors take all affirmative actions and abide by obligations substantially similar to those prescribed by relevant Federal law under substantially similar conditions and within substantially similar time periods as are prescribed under relevant Federal law;\n\n(iv) Debt collectors abide by prohibitions that are substantially similar to those prescribed by relevant Federal law;\n\n(v) Consumers’ obligations or responsibilities are no more costly, lengthy, or burdensome than consumers’ corresponding obligations or responsibilities under relevant Federal law; and\n\n(vi) Consumers’ rights and protections are substantially similar to those provided by relevant Federal law under conditions or within time periods that are substantially similar to those prescribed by relevant Federal law.\n\n(2) In applying the criteria set forth in paragraph IV(a)(1) of this appendix, the Bureau will not consider adversely any additional requirements of State law that are not inconsistent with the purpose of the Act or the requirements imposed under relevant Federal law.\n\n(b) In determining whether provisions for enforcement of the applicant State law are adequate, consideration will be given to the extent to which, under the applicant State law, provision is made for administrative enforcement, including necessary facilities, personnel, and funding."}, {"heading_path": ["V. Public Comment"], "anchor": null, "text": "In connection with any application that has been filed in accordance with the requirements of parts II and III of this appendix and following initial review of the application, a proposed rule concerning the application for exemption will be published by the Bureau in the Federal Register, and a copy of such application will be made available for examination by interested persons during business hours at the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 1700 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20552. A comment period will be allowed from the date of such publication for interested parties to submit written comments to the Bureau regarding that application."}, {"heading_path": ["VI. Exemption from Requirements"], "anchor": null, "text": "If the Bureau determines on the basis of the information before it that, under the applicant State law, a class of debt collection practices is subject to requirements substantially similar to those imposed under relevant Federal law and that there is adequate provision for State enforcement, the Bureau will exempt the class of debt collection practices in that State from the requirements of relevant Federal law and section 814 of the Act in the following manner and subject to the following conditions:\n\n(a) A final rule granting the exemption will be published in the Federal Register, and the Bureau will furnish a copy of such rule to the State official who made application for such exemption, to each Federal authority responsible for administrative enforcement of the requirements of relevant Federal law, and to the Attorney General of the United States. Any exemption granted will be effective 90 days after the date of publication of such rule in the Federal Register.\n\n(b) Any State that receives an exemption must, through its appropriate official, take the following steps:\n\n(i) Inform the Assistant Director, Office of Regulations, Division of Research, Monitoring, and Regulations, Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 1700 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20552 in writing within 30 days of any change in the applicant State law. The report of any such change must contain copies of the full text of that change, together with statements setting forth the information and opinions regarding that change that are specified in paragraph III.\n\n(ii) Provide, not later than two years after the date the exemption is granted, and every two years thereafter, a report to the Bureau in writing concerning the manner in which the State has enforced the applicant State law in the preceding two years and an update of the information required under paragraph III(d) of this appendix.\n\n(c) The Bureau will inform any State that receives such an exemption, through its appropriate official, of any subsequent amendments of the Act or this part that might necessitate the amendment of State law for the exemption to continue.\n\n(d) After an exemption is granted, the requirements of the applicable State law constitute the requirements of relevant Federal law, except to the extent such State law imposes requirements not imposed by the Act or this part."}, {"heading_path": ["VII. Adverse Determination"], "anchor": null, "text": "(a) If, after publication of a proposed rule in the Federal Register as provided under part V of this appendix, the Bureau finds on the basis of the information before it that it cannot make a favorable determination in connection with the application, the Bureau will notify the appropriate State official of the facts upon which such findings are based and will afford that State authority a reasonable opportunity to submit additional materials that demonstrate the basis for granting an exemption.\n\n(b) If, after having afforded the State authority such opportunity to demonstrate the basis for granting an exemption, the Bureau finds on the basis of the information before it that it still cannot make a favorable determination in connection with the application, the Bureau will publish in the Federal Register a final rule containing its determination regarding the application and will furnish a copy of such rule to the State official who made application for such exemption."}, {"heading_path": ["VIII. Revocation of Exemption"], "anchor": null, "text": "(a) The Bureau reserves the right to revoke any exemption granted under the provisions of the Act or this part, if at any time it determines that the State law does not, in fact, impose requirements that are substantially similar to relevant Federal law or that there is not, in fact, adequate provision for State enforcement.\n\n(b) Before revoking any such exemption, the Bureau will notify the State of the facts or conduct that, in the Bureau’s opinion, warrant such revocation, and will afford that State such opportunity as the Bureau deems appropriate in the circumstances to demonstrate continued eligibility for an exemption.\n\n(c) If, after having been afforded the opportunity to demonstrate or achieve compliance, the Bureau determines that the State has not done so, a proposed rule to revoke such exemption will be published in the Federal Register. A comment period will be allowed from the date of such publication for interested persons to submit written comments to the Bureau regarding the intention to revoke.\n\n(d) If such exemption is revoked, a final rule revoking the exemption will be published by the Bureau in the Federal Register, and a copy of such rule will be furnished to the State, to the Federal authorities responsible for enforcement of the requirements of the Act, and to the Attorney General of the United States. The revocation becomes effective, and the class of debt collection practices affected within that State become subject to the requirements of sections 803 through 812 of the Act and the corresponding provisions of this part, 90 days after the date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register."}]}
{"id": "b098181b4d86152d", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/c/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/C", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Appendix C to Part 1006 — Issuance of Advisory Opinions", "description": "Appendix C is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "regulation_appendix", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:55Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:13Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:13Z", "word_count": 181, "char_count": 1208, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 0.65, "content_hash": "0902816fc7439db03c04a48fe26c4c5cfd2e09d0679232a909bf65898fa0a339", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "1. Advisory opinions. Any act done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any advisory opinion issued by the Bureau, including advisory opinions referenced in this appendix, provides the protection afforded under section 813(e) of the Act. The Bureau will amend this appendix periodically to incorporate references to advisory opinions that the Bureau issues.\n\n2. Requests for issuance of advisory opinions. A request for an advisory opinion may be submitted in accordance with the instructions regarding submission and content of requests applicable to any relevant advisory opinion program that the Bureau offers. Requests for advisory opinions will be reviewed consistent with the process outlined in any such program, and any resulting advisory opinions will be published in the Federal Register and on consumerfinance.gov.\n\n3. Bureau-issued advisory opinions. The Bureau has issued the following advisory opinions:\n\na. Safe Harbors from Liability under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act for Certain Actions Taken in Compliance with Mortgage Servicing Rules under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (Regulation X) and the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z), 81 FR 71977 (Oct. 19, 2016).", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["1. Advisory opinions."], "anchor": "1", "text": "1. Advisory opinions. Any act done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any advisory opinion issued by the Bureau, including advisory opinions referenced in this appendix, provides the protection afforded under section 813(e) of the Act. The Bureau will amend this appendix periodically to incorporate references to advisory opinions that the Bureau issues."}, {"heading_path": ["2. Requests for issuance of advisory opinions."], "anchor": "2", "text": "2. Requests for issuance of advisory opinions. A request for an advisory opinion may be submitted in accordance with the instructions regarding submission and content of requests applicable to any relevant advisory opinion program that the Bureau offers. Requests for advisory opinions will be reviewed consistent with the process outlined in any such program, and any resulting advisory opinions will be published in the Federal Register and on consumerfinance.gov."}, {"heading_path": ["3. Bureau-issued advisory opinions."], "anchor": "3", "text": "3. Bureau-issued advisory opinions. The Bureau has issued the following advisory opinions:\n\na. Safe Harbors from Liability under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act for Certain Actions Taken in Compliance with Mortgage Servicing Rules under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (Regulation X) and the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z), 81 FR 71977 (Oct. 19, 2016)."}]}
{"id": "360f676784675cb4", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-0/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-0", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Introduction", "description": "The comment for 1006.0 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:56Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:14Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:14Z", "word_count": 296, "char_count": 1976, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.006, "quality_score": 0.77, "content_hash": "5ca2e8635cd4457e9db74ee3e8791d57a6e539dc3480e364ce4ed9096dd1d8a0", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "1. Official status. This commentary is the vehicle by which the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection supplements Regulation F, 12 CFR part 1006. The provisions of the commentary are issued under the same authorities as the corresponding provisions of Regulation F and have been adopted in accordance with the notice-and-comment procedures of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 553). Unless specified otherwise, references in this commentary are to sections of Regulation F or the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. 1692 et seq. No commentary is expected to be issued other than by means of this Supplement I.\n\n2. Procedure for requesting interpretations. Anyone may request that an official interpretation of the regulation be added to this commentary. A request for such an official interpretation must be in writing and addressed to the Assistant Director, Office of Regulations, Division of Research, Monitoring, and Regulations, Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 1700 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20552. The request must contain a complete statement of all relevant facts concerning the issue, including copies of all pertinent documents. Revisions to this commentary that are adopted in accordance with the rulemaking procedures of section 553 of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 553) will be incorporated in the commentary following publication in the Federal Register.\n\n3. Comment designations. Each comment in the commentary is identified by a number and the regulatory section or paragraph that it interprets. The comments are designated with as much specificity as possible according to the particular regulatory provision addressed. For example, comments to § 1006.6(d)(4) are further divided by subparagraph, such as comment 6(d)(4)(i)–1 and comment 6(d)(4)(ii)–1. Comments that have more general application are designated, for example, as comments 38–1 and 38–2. This introduction may be cited as comments I–1, I–2, and I–3.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["1. Official status."], "anchor": "1", "text": "1. Official status. This commentary is the vehicle by which the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection supplements Regulation F, 12 CFR part 1006. The provisions of the commentary are issued under the same authorities as the corresponding provisions of Regulation F and have been adopted in accordance with the notice-and-comment procedures of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 553). Unless specified otherwise, references in this commentary are to sections of Regulation F or the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. 1692 et seq. No commentary is expected to be issued other than by means of this Supplement I."}, {"heading_path": ["2. Procedure for requesting interpretations."], "anchor": "2", "text": "2. Procedure for requesting interpretations. Anyone may request that an official interpretation of the regulation be added to this commentary. A request for such an official interpretation must be in writing and addressed to the Assistant Director, Office of Regulations, Division of Research, Monitoring, and Regulations, Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, 1700 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20552. The request must contain a complete statement of all relevant facts concerning the issue, including copies of all pertinent documents. Revisions to this commentary that are adopted in accordance with the rulemaking procedures of section 553 of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 553) will be incorporated in the commentary following publication in the Federal Register."}, {"heading_path": ["3. Comment designations."], "anchor": "3", "text": "3. Comment designations. Each comment in the commentary is identified by a number and the regulatory section or paragraph that it interprets. The comments are designated with as much specificity as possible according to the particular regulatory provision addressed. For example, comments to § 1006.6(d)(4) are further divided by subparagraph, such as comment 6(d)(4)(i)–1 and comment 6(d)(4)(ii)–1. Comments that have more general application are designated, for example, as comments 38–1 and 38–2. This introduction may be cited as comments I–1, I–2, and I–3."}]}
{"id": "db36abe0e79d6b91", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-10/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-10", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.10 — Acquisition of Location Information", "description": "The comment for 1006.10 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:59Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:17Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:17Z", "word_count": 218, "char_count": 1438, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.042, "quality_score": 0.56, "content_hash": "ccc67a1390a4d84288abcec62908ef4807a40d13116369955343f27d5a763c1b", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "10(a) Definition.\n\n1. Location information about deceased consumers. If a consumer obligated or allegedly obligated to pay any debt is deceased, location information includes the information described in § 1006.10(a) for a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate, as described in § 1006.6(a)(4) and its associated commentary.\n\n10(b) Form and content of location communications.\n\nParagraph 10(b)(2).\n\n1. Executors, administrators, or personal representatives of a deceased consumer’s estate. Section 1006.10(b)(2) prohibits a debt collector who is communicating with any person other than the consumer for the purpose of acquiring location information about the consumer from stating that the consumer owes any debt. If the consumer obligated or allegedly obligated to pay the debt is deceased, and the debt collector is attempting to locate the person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate, the debt collector does not violate § 1006.10(b)(2) by stating that the debt collector is seeking to identify and locate the person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate. The debt collector may also state that the debt collector is seeking to identify and locate the person handling the financial affairs of the deceased consumer. For more on executors, administrators, and personal representatives, see § 1006.6(a)(4) and its associated commentary.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["10(a) Definition.", "1. Location information about deceased consumers."], "anchor": "10-a-Interp-1", "text": "1. Location information about deceased consumers. If a consumer obligated or allegedly obligated to pay any debt is deceased, location information includes the information described in § 1006.10(a) for a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate, as described in § 1006.6(a)(4) and its associated commentary."}, {"heading_path": ["10(b) Form and content of location communications.", "Paragraph 10(b)(2).", "1. Executors, administrators, or personal representatives of a deceased consumer’s estate."], "anchor": "10-b-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. Executors, administrators, or personal representatives of a deceased consumer’s estate. Section 1006.10(b)(2) prohibits a debt collector who is communicating with any person other than the consumer for the purpose of acquiring location information about the consumer from stating that the consumer owes any debt. If the consumer obligated or allegedly obligated to pay the debt is deceased, and the debt collector is attempting to locate the person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate, the debt collector does not violate § 1006.10(b)(2) by stating that the debt collector is seeking to identify and locate the person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate. The debt collector may also state that the debt collector is seeking to identify and locate the person handling the financial affairs of the deceased consumer. For more on executors, administrators, and personal representatives, see § 1006.6(a)(4) and its associated commentary."}]}
{"id": "af6e46fd566773e6", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-100/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-100", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.100 — Record Retention", "description": "The comment for 1006.100 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:07Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:25Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:25Z", "word_count": 740, "char_count": 4664, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.017, "quality_score": 0.99, "content_hash": "d312b4074793d5c3a08586816e5ab91c0327b8ed4b616ae7444cc362ff146c9a", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "1. Three-year retention period. Section 1006.100 requires a debt collector to maintain records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part starting on the date that the debt collector begins collection activity on a debt until three years after the debt collector’s last collection activity on the debt or, in the case of telephone call recordings, until three years after the dates of the telephone calls. Nothing in § 1006.100 prohibits a debt collector from retaining records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part for more than three years after the applicable date.\n\n100(a) In general.\n\n1. Records that evidence compliance. Section 1006.100(a) provides, in part, that a debt collector must retain records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part. Thus, under § 1006.100(a), a debt collector must retain records that evidence that the debt collector performed the actions and made the disclosures required by the FDCPA and this part, as well as records that evidence that the debt collector refrained from conduct prohibited by the FDCPA and this part. If a record is of a type that could evidence compliance or noncompliance depending on the conduct of the debt collector that is revealed within the record, then the record is one that is evidence of compliance or noncompliance, and the debt collector must retain it. Such records include, but are not limited to, records that evidence that the debt collector’s communications and attempts to communicate in connection with the collection of a debt complied (or did not comply) with the FDCPA and this part. For example, a debt collector must retain:\n\ni. Telephone call logs as evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the prohibition against harassing telephone calls in § 1006.14(b)(1); and\n\nii. Copies of documents provided to consumers as evidence that the debt collector provided the information required by §§ 1006.34 and 1006.38 and met the delivery requirements of § 1006.42.\n\n2. No requirement to create additional records. A debt collector need not create and maintain additional records, for the sole purpose of evidencing compliance, that the debt collector would not have created in the ordinary course of its business in the absence of the record retention requirement set forth in § 1006.100(a). For example, § 1006.100(a) does not require a debt collector to create call logs showing that it has not attempted to communicate with any consumers at times that the consumers designated as inconvenient. However, if the debt collector maintains call logs, the call logs are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part and the collector must retain them.\n\n3. Methods of retaining evidence. Section 1006.100(a) does not require a debt collector to retain actual paper copies of documents. Records may be retained by any method that reproduces the records accurately (including computer programs) and that ensures that the debt collector can easily access the records (including a contractual right to access records possessed by another entity).\n\n4. When the three-year record retention clock starts to run. Section 1006.100(a) provides, in part, that a debt collector must retain records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance until three years after the debt collector’s last collection activity on a debt. An event such as the debt collector transferring the debt for consideration to another party would start the running of the debt collector’s three-year record retention clock with respect to the debt, provided that the transfer of the debt represents the debt collector’s last collection activity on the debt. In contrast, the debt’s discharge in bankruptcy, or the consumer’s curing of default on the debt, would not represent the time at which the three-year record-retention clock starts to run if the debt collector continues collection activity on the debt after that time, which might occur when the debt is secured and an enforceable lien on the collateral that secured the debt survives the bankruptcy discharge (and collection activity pursuant to the lien continues after the discharge).\n\n100(b) Special rule for telephone call recordings.\n\n1. Recorded telephone calls. Nothing in § 1006.100 requires a debt collector to record telephone calls. However, if a debt collector records telephone calls, the recordings are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part, and, under § 1006.100(b), the debt collector must retain the recording of each such telephone call for three years after the date of the call.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["1. Three-year retention period."], "anchor": "100-_-Interp-1", "text": "1. Three-year retention period. Section 1006.100 requires a debt collector to maintain records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part starting on the date that the debt collector begins collection activity on a debt until three years after the debt collector’s last collection activity on the debt or, in the case of telephone call recordings, until three years after the dates of the telephone calls. Nothing in § 1006.100 prohibits a debt collector from retaining records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part for more than three years after the applicable date."}, {"heading_path": ["100(a) In general.", "1. Records that evidence compliance."], "anchor": "100-a-Interp-1", "text": "1. Records that evidence compliance. Section 1006.100(a) provides, in part, that a debt collector must retain records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part. Thus, under § 1006.100(a), a debt collector must retain records that evidence that the debt collector performed the actions and made the disclosures required by the FDCPA and this part, as well as records that evidence that the debt collector refrained from conduct prohibited by the FDCPA and this part. If a record is of a type that could evidence compliance or noncompliance depending on the conduct of the debt collector that is revealed within the record, then the record is one that is evidence of compliance or noncompliance, and the debt collector must retain it. Such records include, but are not limited to, records that evidence that the debt collector’s communications and attempts to communicate in connection with the collection of a debt complied (or did not comply) with the FDCPA and this part. For example, a debt collector must retain:\n\ni. Telephone call logs as evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the prohibition against harassing telephone calls in § 1006.14(b)(1); and\n\nii. Copies of documents provided to consumers as evidence that the debt collector provided the information required by §§ 1006.34 and 1006.38 and met the delivery requirements of § 1006.42."}, {"heading_path": ["100(a) In general.", "2. No requirement to create additional records."], "anchor": "100-a-Interp-2", "text": "2. No requirement to create additional records. A debt collector need not create and maintain additional records, for the sole purpose of evidencing compliance, that the debt collector would not have created in the ordinary course of its business in the absence of the record retention requirement set forth in § 1006.100(a). For example, § 1006.100(a) does not require a debt collector to create call logs showing that it has not attempted to communicate with any consumers at times that the consumers designated as inconvenient. However, if the debt collector maintains call logs, the call logs are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part and the collector must retain them."}, {"heading_path": ["100(a) In general.", "3. Methods of retaining evidence."], "anchor": "100-a-Interp-3", "text": "3. Methods of retaining evidence. Section 1006.100(a) does not require a debt collector to retain actual paper copies of documents. Records may be retained by any method that reproduces the records accurately (including computer programs) and that ensures that the debt collector can easily access the records (including a contractual right to access records possessed by another entity)."}, {"heading_path": ["100(a) In general.", "4. When the three-year record retention clock starts to run."], "anchor": "100-a-Interp-4", "text": "4. When the three-year record retention clock starts to run. Section 1006.100(a) provides, in part, that a debt collector must retain records that are evidence of compliance or noncompliance until three years after the debt collector’s last collection activity on a debt. An event such as the debt collector transferring the debt for consideration to another party would start the running of the debt collector’s three-year record retention clock with respect to the debt, provided that the transfer of the debt represents the debt collector’s last collection activity on the debt. In contrast, the debt’s discharge in bankruptcy, or the consumer’s curing of default on the debt, would not represent the time at which the three-year record-retention clock starts to run if the debt collector continues collection activity on the debt after that time, which might occur when the debt is secured and an enforceable lien on the collateral that secured the debt survives the bankruptcy discharge (and collection activity pursuant to the lien continues after the discharge)."}, {"heading_path": ["100(b) Special rule for telephone call recordings.", "1. Recorded telephone calls."], "anchor": "100-b-Interp-1", "text": "1. Recorded telephone calls. Nothing in § 1006.100 requires a debt collector to record telephone calls. However, if a debt collector records telephone calls, the recordings are evidence of compliance or noncompliance with the FDCPA and this part, and, under § 1006.100(b), the debt collector must retain the recording of each such telephone call for three years after the date of the call."}]}
{"id": "81753d6374c38fa1", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-104/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-104", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1026.104 - Relation to State Laws", "description": "The comment for 1006.104 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:08Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:26Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:26Z", "word_count": 95, "char_count": 597, "reading_time_minutes": 1, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 0.45, "content_hash": "76f9ce5331dd14148a0fa7fba0f8c79459ecfa79a0af15ddbb0b65ccc9b6b361", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "1. State law disclosure requirements. The Act and the corresponding provisions of Regulation F do not annul, alter, or affect, or exempt any person subject to these requirements from complying with a disclosure requirement under applicable State law that describes additional protections under State law that are not inconsistent with the Act and Regulation F. A disclosure required by State law is not inconsistent with the FDCPA or Regulation F if the disclosure describes a protection that such law affords any consumer that is greater than the protection provided by the FDCPA or Regulation F.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["1. State law disclosure requirements."], "anchor": "104-_-Interp-1", "text": "1. State law disclosure requirements. The Act and the corresponding provisions of Regulation F do not annul, alter, or affect, or exempt any person subject to these requirements from complying with a disclosure requirement under applicable State law that describes additional protections under State law that are not inconsistent with the Act and Regulation F. A disclosure required by State law is not inconsistent with the FDCPA or Regulation F if the disclosure describes a protection that such law affords any consumer that is greater than the protection provided by the FDCPA or Regulation F."}]}
{"id": "97db38697aaf2184", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-14/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-14", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.14 — Harassing, Oppressive, or Abusive Conduct", "description": "The comment for 1006.14 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:00Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:18Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:18Z", "word_count": 6543, "char_count": 41630, "reading_time_minutes": 28, "link_density": 0.041, "quality_score": 0.98, "content_hash": "f6f1fb1e5fc629b65a0064c696aa4b0053eacb071adc1bba99f08d40e19fa2d6", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "14(a) In general.\n\n1. General prohibition. Section 1006.14(a), which implements FDCPA section 806 (15 U.S.C. 1692d), sets forth a general standard that prohibits a debt collector from engaging in any conduct the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt. The general prohibition covers the specific conduct described in § 1006.14(b) through (h), as well as any conduct by the debt collector that is not specifically prohibited by § 1006.14(b) through (h) but the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt. Such conduct can occur regardless of the communication media the debt collector uses, including in-person interactions, telephone calls, audio recordings, paper documents, mail, email, text messages, social media, or other electronic media, even if not specifically addressed by § 1006.14(b) through (h). The following example illustrates the rule.\n\ni. Assume that, in connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector sends a consumer numerous, unsolicited text messages per day for several consecutive days. The consumer does not respond. Assume further that the debt collector does not communicate or attempt to communicate with the consumer using any other communication medium and that, by sending the text messages, the debt collector has not violated § 1006.14(b) through (h). Even though the debt collector’s conduct does not violate any specific prohibition under § 1006.14(b) through (h), it is likely that the natural consequence of the debt collector’s text messages is to harass, oppress, or abuse the person receiving the text messages; when such natural consequence occurs, the debt collector has violated § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806.\n\n2. Cumulative effect of conduct. Whether a debt collector’s conduct violates the general standard in § 1006.14(a) may depend on the cumulative effect of the debt collector’s conduct through any communication medium the debt collector uses, including in-person interactions, telephone calls, audio recordings, paper documents, mail, email, text messages, social media, or other electronic media. Depending on the facts and circumstances, conduct that on its own would violate neither the general prohibition in § 1006.14(a), nor any specific prohibition in § 1006.14(b) through (h), nonetheless may violate § 1006.14(a) when such conduct is evaluated cumulatively with other conduct. The following example illustrates the rule as applied to a debt collector who uses multiple communication media to communicate or attempt to communicate with a person.\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector places seven unanswered telephone calls within seven consecutive days to a consumer in connection with the collection of a debt. During this same period, the debt collector also sends multiple additional unsolicited emails about the debt to the consumer. The consumer does not respond. The frequency of the debt collector’s telephone calls during the seven-day period does not exceed the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), so the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1). Assume further that no evidence is offered to rebut the presumption of compliance, such that the debt collector complies with § 1006.14(b)(1). Also assume that, for purposes of this illustrative example only, the frequency of the debt collector’s emails alone does not violate § 1006.14(a). It nevertheless is likely that the cumulative effect of the debt collector’s telephone calls and emails is harassment; when such natural consequence occurs, the debt collector has violated § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806.\n\n14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.\n\n1. Placing telephone calls repeatedly or continuously. Section 1006.14(b) prohibits a debt collector from, in connection with the collection of a debt, placing telephone calls or engaging any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number, and it describes when a debt collector is presumed to have complied with or violated that prohibition. For purposes of § 1006.14(b)(1) through (4), “placing a telephone call” includes conveying a ringless voicemail but does not include sending an electronic message (e.g., a text message or an email) that may be received on a mobile telephone.\n\n14(b)(1) In general.\n\n1. Effect of compliance. A debt collector who complies with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5) complies with § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806 (15 U.S.C. 1692d) solely with respect to the frequency of its telephone calls. The debt collector nevertheless could violate § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806 if the natural consequence of another aspect of the debt collector’s telephone calls, unrelated to frequency, is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt. See also comment 14(a)–2 regarding the cumulative effect of the debt collector’s conduct.\n\n2. Example. Assume that a debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with a consumer about a particular debt only by telephone. The debt collector does not exceed either of the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1). Assume, further, that no evidence is offered to rebut that presumption of compliance. Pursuant to § 1006.14(b)(1), the debt collector complies with § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806, but only with respect to the frequency of its telephone calls. Assume, however, that one of the debt collector’s telephone calls results in the debt collector leaving a voicemail that contains obscene language. Even though the debt collector does not violate § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806 based solely on the frequency of the telephone calls, the debt collector’s obscene voicemail would violate § 1006.14(a) and (d) and FDCPA section 806 and 806(2) (15 U.S.C. 1692, 1692d(2)).\n\n14(b)(2) Telephone call frequencies; presumptions of compliance and violation.\n\nParagraph 14(b)(2)(i).\n\n1. Presumption of compliance; examples. Section 1006.14(b)(2)(i) provides that a debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector places a telephone call to a particular person in connection with the collection of a particular debt neither: more than seven times within seven consecutive days (§ 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A)); nor within a period of seven consecutive days after having had a telephone conversation with the person in connection with the collection of such debt (§ 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(B)). For the presumption of compliance to apply, the debt collector’s telephone call frequencies must not exceed either prong of § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). The telephone call frequencies are subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). In addition, for purposes of § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(B), the date of the telephone conversation is the first day of the seven-consecutive-day period. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. On Wednesday, April 1, a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of a credit card debt by placing a telephone call and leaving a limited-content message. Between Thursday, April 2, and Tuesday, April 7, the debt collector places six more telephone calls to the consumer about the debt, all of which go unanswered. As of Tuesday, April 7, the debt collector has placed seven telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of the credit card debt within the period of seven consecutive days that started on Wednesday, April 1. Assume the debt collector does not place any additional telephone calls about the debt until Wednesday, April 8. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\nii. On Thursday, August 13, a consumer places a telephone call to, and initiates a telephone conversation with, a debt collector regarding a particular debt. Assume that the debt collector does not place a telephone call to the consumer in connection with the collection of that debt again prior to Thursday, August 20. The debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\niii. On Tuesday, October 6, a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a particular third party for the purpose of acquiring location information about a consumer by placing a telephone call to that third party. The call is unanswered. The debt collector places up to six more unanswered telephone calls to that third party for the purpose of acquiring location information about the consumer through Monday, October 12. The debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5). See § 1006.10(c) for further guidance concerning when a debt collector is prohibited from communicating with a person other than the consumer for the purpose of acquiring location information.\n\n2. Factors to rebut the presumption of compliance. To rebut the presumption of compliance, it must be proven that a debt collector who did not place a telephone call in excess of either of the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i) nevertheless placed a telephone call or engaged a person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number. For purposes of determining whether the presumption of compliance has been rebutted, it is assumed that debt collectors intend the natural consequence of their actions. Comments 14(b)(2)(i)–2.i through .iv provide a non-exhaustive list of factors that may rebut the presumption of compliance. The factors may be considered either individually or in combination with one another (or other non-specified factors). The factors may be viewed in light of any other relevant facts and circumstances and therefore may apply to varying degrees. Factors that may rebut the presumption of compliance include:\n\ni. The frequency and pattern of telephone calls the debt collector places to a person, including the intervals between them. The considerations relevant to this factor include whether the debt collector placed telephone calls to a person in rapid succession (e.g., two unanswered telephone calls to the same telephone number within five minutes) or in a highly concentrated manner (e.g., seven telephone calls to the same telephone number within one day). For example, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(i)–1.i, except assume that, after the debt collector placed the first telephone call to the consumer about the credit card debt on Wednesday, April 1, the debt collector placed six additional telephone calls to the consumer about that debt on Friday, April 3. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5), but the high concentration of telephone calls on Friday, April 3, is a factor that may rebut the presumption of compliance.\n\nii. The frequency and pattern of any voicemails that the debt collector leaves for a person, including the intervals between them. The considerations relevant to this factor include whether the debt collector left voicemails for a person in rapid succession (e.g., two voicemails within five minutes left at the same telephone number) or in a highly concentrated manner (e.g., seven voicemails left at the same telephone number within one day).\n\niii. The content of a person’s prior communications with the debt collector. Among the considerations relevant to this factor are whether the person previously informed the debt collector, for example, that the person did not wish to be contacted again about the particular debt, that the person was refusing to pay the particular debt, or that the person did not owe the particular debt. This factor also includes a consumer’s cease communication notification described in § 1006.6(c) and a consumer’s request under § 1006.14(h) that the debt collector not use telephone calls to communicate or attempt to communicate with the consumer. The amount of time elapsed since any such prior communications also may be relevant to this factor.\n\niv. The debt collector’s conduct in prior communications or attempts to communicate with the person. Among the considerations relevant to this factor are whether, during a prior communication or attempt to communicate with a person, the debt collector, for example, used obscene, profane, or otherwise abusive language (see § 1006.14(d)), used or threatened to use violence or other criminal means to harm the person (see § 1006.14(c)), or called at an inconvenient time or place (see § 1006.6(b)(1)). The amount of time elapsed since any such prior communications or attempts to communicate also may be relevant to this factor.\n\n3. Misdirected telephone calls. Section 1006.14(b)(2)(i) provides that a debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector’s telephone call frequencies do not exceed the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). If, within a period of seven consecutive days, a debt collector attempts to communicate with a particular person by placing telephone calls to a particular telephone number, and the debt collector then learns that the telephone number is not that person’s number, the telephone calls that the debt collector made to that number are not considered to have been telephone calls placed to that person during that seven-consecutive-day period for purposes of § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). For example:\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a consumer on Monday, and again on Wednesday, by placing one unanswered telephone call to a particular telephone number on each of those days. On Thursday, the debt collector learns that the telephone number belongs to someone else and that the consumer does not answer telephone calls to that number. For purposes of § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), the debt collector has not yet placed any telephone calls to that consumer during that seven-consecutive-day period.\n\nParagraph 14(b)(2)(ii).\n\n1. Presumption of a violation; examples. Section 1006.14(b)(2)(ii) provides that a debt collector is presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector places a telephone call to a particular person in connection with the collection of a particular debt in excess of either of the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). The telephone call frequencies are subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. On Wednesday, April 1, a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of a mortgage debt by placing a telephone call and leaving a limited-content message. On each of the next three business days (i.e., on Thursday, April 2, Friday, April 3, and Monday, April 6), the debt collector places two additional telephone calls to the consumer about the debt, all of which go unanswered. On Tuesday, April 7, the debt collector places an additional telephone call to the consumer about the debt. The debt collector has placed a total of eight telephone calls to the consumer about the debt during the seven-day period starting Wednesday, April 1. None of the calls was subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). The debt collector is presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\nii. On Tuesday, August 11, a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of a credit card debt by placing a telephone call to the consumer that the consumer does not answer. On Friday, August 14, the debt collector again places a telephone call to the consumer and has a telephone conversation with the consumer in connection with the collection of the debt. Subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3), the debt collector is presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) if the debt collector places a telephone call to the consumer in connection with the collection of that debt again prior to Friday, August 21.\n\n2. Factors to rebut the presumption of a violation. To rebut the presumption of a violation, it must be proven that a debt collector who placed telephone calls in excess of either of the frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i) nevertheless did not place a telephone call or engage any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number. For purposes of determining whether the presumption of a violation has been rebutted, it is assumed that debt collectors intend the natural consequence of their actions. Comments 14(b)(2)(ii)–2.i through .iv provide a non-exhaustive list of factors that may rebut the presumption of a violation. The factors may be considered either individually or in combination with one another (or other non-specified factors). The factors may be viewed in light of any other relevant facts and circumstances and therefore may apply to varying degrees. Factors that may rebut the presumption of a violation include:\n\ni. Whether a debt collector placed a telephone call to comply with, or as required by, applicable law. For example, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(ii)–1.i, except assume that the debt collector placed the final telephone call of the seven-consecutive-day period to inform the consumer of available loss mitigation options in compliance with the Bureau’s mortgage servicing rules under Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.39(a). The debt collector’s compliance with applicable law is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\nii. Whether a debt collector placed a telephone call that was directly related to active litigation involving the collection of a particular debt. For example, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(ii)–1.ii, except assume that, after the debt collector and the consumer had a telephone conversation about the credit card debt on Friday, August 14, the debt collector placed another telephone call to the consumer before Friday, August 21, to complete a court-ordered communication with the consumer about the debt, or as part of negotiations to settle active debt collection litigation regarding the debt. The direct relationship between the additional telephone call and the active debt collection litigation is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\niii. Whether a debt collector placed a telephone call in response to a consumer’s request for additional information when the exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) for telephone calls made with the consumer’s prior consent given directly to the debt collector did not apply. For example, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(ii)–1.ii, except assume that, during the telephone conversation about the credit card debt on Friday, August 14, the consumer told the debt collector that the consumer would like more information about the amount of the debt but that the consumer could not talk at that moment. The consumer ended the telephone call before the debt collector could seek prior consent under § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) to call back with the requested information. The debt collector placed another telephone call to the consumer prior to Friday, August 21, to provide the requested information. The fact that the debt collector placed the additional telephone call in response to the consumer’s request is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\niv. Whether a debt collector placed a telephone call to convey information to the consumer that, as shown through evidence, would provide the consumer with an opportunity to avoid a demonstrably negative effect relating to the collection of the particular debt, where the negative effect was not in the debt collector’s control, and where time was of the essence. For example, in each of the following three scenarios, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(ii)–1.ii, and also assume that:\n\nA. During the telephone conversation about the credit card debt on Friday, August 14, the debt collector and the consumer engaged in a lengthy conversation regarding settlement terms, and, toward the end of the conversation, the telephone call dropped. The debt collector immediately placed an additional telephone call to the consumer to complete the conversation. The fact that the debt collector placed the telephone call to permit the debt collector and the consumer to complete the conversation about settlement terms, which provided the consumer an opportunity to avoid a demonstrably negative effect that was not in the debt collector’s control (i.e., having to repeat a substantive conversation with a potentially different representative of the debt collector) and where time was of the essence (i.e., to prevent the delay of settlement negotiations by seven days) is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\nB. The consumer previously entered into a payment plan with the debt collector regarding the credit card debt. The conditions for the payment plan were set by the creditor, and among those conditions is that only the creditor, in its sole discretion, may approve waivers of late fees. On Monday, August 17, the debt collector learned that the consumer’s payment failed to process, and the applicable grace period was set to expire on Tuesday, August 18. The debt collector placed a telephone call to the consumer on Monday to remind the consumer that a late fee would be applied by the creditor for non-payment unless the consumer made the payment by the next day. The fact that the debt collector placed the telephone call to alert the consumer to the pending penalty, giving the consumer an opportunity to avoid a demonstrably negative effect that was not in the debt collector’s control and where time was of the essence, is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\nC. On Monday, August 17, the debt collector placed a telephone call to the consumer to offer the consumer a “one-time only” discount on the payment of the credit card debt. The debt collector stated that the offer would expire the next day when, in fact, the debt collector could have offered the same or a similar discount through the end of August. Because the negative effect on the consumer was in the debt collector’s control, the discount offer is not a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\n14(b)(3) Certain telephone calls excluded from telephone call frequencies.\n\nParagraph 14(b)(3)(i).\n\n1. Prior consent. Section 1006.14(b)(3)(i) excludes from the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2) certain telephone calls placed to a person who gives prior consent. See § 1006.6(b)(4)(i) and its associated commentary for guidance about giving prior consent directly to a debt collector. Nothing in § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) regarding prior consent for telephone call frequencies permits a debt collector to communicate, or attempt to communicate, with a consumer as prohibited by §§ 1006.6(b) and 1006.14(h).\n\n2. Duration of prior consent. For purposes of § 1006.14(b)(3)(i), if a person gives prior consent for additional telephone calls about a particular debt directly to a debt collector, any telephone calls that the debt collector thereafter places to the person about that particular debt do not count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2) for a period of up to seven consecutive days. A person’s prior consent may expire before the conclusion of the seven-consecutive-day period. A person’s prior consent expires when any of the following occurs: (1) the person consented to the additional telephone calls for a shorter time period and such time period has ended; (2) the person revokes such prior consent; or (3) the debt collector has a telephone conversation with the person regarding the particular debt.\n\n3. Examples. The following examples illustrate how § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) applies:\n\ni. On Friday, April 3, a debt collector places a telephone call to a consumer. During the ensuing telephone conversation in connection with the collection of a debt, the consumer tells the debt collector to “call back on Monday.” Absent an exception, under § 1006.14(b)(2)(ii), the debt collector would be presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector called the consumer on Monday, April 6, because the additional telephone call would exceed the frequency described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(B). Under § 1006.14(b)(3)(i), however, in the scenario described (and absent any other facts), the debt collector could, pursuant to the consumer’s prior consent, place telephone calls to the consumer on Monday, April 6, and not lose a presumption of compliance with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\nii. Assume the same facts as in the preceding example, except that the consumer does not specify a particular day the debt collector may call back. Assume further that, on Monday, April 6, the debt collector calls the consumer back and has a telephone conversation with the consumer. The exception in § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) does not apply to subsequent telephone calls placed by the debt collector to the consumer, absent additional prior consent from the consumer. For example, if the debt collector, without additional prior consent, placed a telephone call to the consumer on Wednesday, April 8, that telephone call would count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2), and, pursuant to § 1006.14(b)(2)(ii), the debt collector would be presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\niii. Between Monday, June 1, and Wednesday, June 3, a debt collector places three unanswered telephone calls to a consumer in connection with the collection of a debt. Also on Wednesday, June 3, the debt collector sends the consumer an email message in connection with the collection of the debt. The consumer responds by email on Thursday, June 4, requesting additional information about available repayment options related to the debt and writes, “You can call me at 123-456-7891 to discuss the repayment options.” The debt collector receives the consumer’s prior consent by email on Thursday, June 4, and thereafter places eight unanswered telephone calls to the consumer between Monday, June 8, and Wednesday, June 10. Because the consumer provided prior consent directly to the debt collector, the exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) applies to the eight telephone calls placed by the debt collector during the seven-consecutive-day period that began with receipt of the consumer’s consent on Thursday, June 4. Those telephone calls therefore do not count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). However, any telephone calls placed by the debt collector after the end of the seven-day period (i.e., on or after Thursday, June 11) would count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), unless the consumer again gives prior consent directly to the debt collector.\n\nParagraph 14(b)(3)(ii).\n\n1. Unconnected telephone calls. Section 1006.14(b)(3)(ii) provides that telephone calls placed to a person do not count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i) if they do not connect to the dialed number. A debt collector’s telephone call does not connect to the dialed number if, for example, the debt collector receives a busy signal or an indication that the dialed number is not in service. Conversely, a telephone call placed to a person counts toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i) if it connects to the dialed number, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies. A debt collector’s telephone call connects to the dialed number if, for example, the telephone call is answered, even if it subsequently drops; if the telephone call causes a telephone to ring at the dialed number but no one answers it; or if the telephone call is connected to a voicemail or other recorded message, even if it does not cause a telephone to ring and even if the debt collector is unable to leave a voicemail.\n\n14(b)(4) Definition.\n\n1. Particular debt. Section 1006.14(b)(2) establishes presumptions of compliance and violation with respect to § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) based on the frequency with which a debt collector places telephone calls to, or engages in telephone conversation with, a person in connection with the collection of a particular debt. Section 1006.14(b)(4) provides that, except in the case of student loan debt, the term particular debt means each of a consumer’s debts in collection. For student loan debt, § 1006.14(b)(4) provides that the term particular debt means all student loan debts that a consumer owes or allegedly owes that were serviced under a single account number at the time the debts were obtained by a debt collector.\n\ni. Placing a telephone call in connection with the collection of a particular debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A), if a debt collector places a telephone call to a person and initiates a conversation or leaves a voicemail about one particular debt, the debt collector counts the telephone call as a telephone call in connection with the collection of the particular debt, subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). If a debt collector places a telephone call to a person and initiates a conversation or leaves a voicemail about more than one particular debt, the debt collector counts the telephone call as a telephone call in connection with the collection of each such particular debt, subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). If a debt collector places a telephone call to a person but neither initiates a conversation about a particular debt nor leaves a voicemail that refers to a particular debt, or if the debt collector’s telephone call is unanswered, the debt collector counts the telephone call as a telephone call in connection with the collection of at least one particular debt, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies.\n\nii. Engaging in a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of a particular debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(B), if a debt collector and a person discuss one particular debt during a telephone conversation, the debt collector has engaged in a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of the particular debt, regardless of which party initiated the discussion about the particular debt, subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). If a debt collector and a person discuss more than one particular debt during a telephone conversation, the debt collector has engaged in a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of each such particular debt, regardless of which party initiated the discussion about the particular debts, subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). If no particular debt is discussed during a telephone conversation between a debt collector and a person, the debt collector counts the conversation as a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of at least one particular debt, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies.\n\n2. Examples. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and two credit card debts (denominated A and B for this example) from the same consumer. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A), a debt collector may count an unanswered telephone call as one telephone call placed toward any one particular debt, even if the debt collector intended to discuss more than one particular debt had the telephone call resulted in a telephone conversation. Therefore, if the debt collector, within a period of seven consecutive days, places a total of 21 unanswered telephone calls, seven of which the debt collector counted as unanswered telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of the medical debt, seven of which the debt collector counted as unanswered telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of credit card debt A, and seven of which the debt collector counted as unanswered telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of credit card debt B, the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5), even if, for example, the debt collector intended to discuss both credit card debt A and credit card debt B had any of the telephone calls with respect to the credit card debts resulted in a telephone conversation.\n\nii. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and a credit card debt from the same consumer. The debt collector places a telephone call to the consumer, intending to discuss both particular debts, but the consumer does not answer, and the telephone call goes to voicemail. The debt collector leaves a limited-content message, as defined in § 1006.2(j). Because the limited-content message does not specifically refer to any particular debt, under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A), a debt collector may count the voicemail as one telephone call placed toward either of the particular debts, even though the debt collector intended to discuss both particular debts if the telephone call had resulted in a telephone conversation.\n\niii. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and a credit card debt from the same consumer. On Monday, November 9, the debt collector places a telephone call to, and engages in a telephone conversation with, the consumer solely in connection with the collection of the medical debt. The debt collector does not place any telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of the credit card debt. Regarding the medical debt, under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has placed a telephone call to, and has and engaged in a telephone conversation with, the consumer in connection with the collection of the particular debt, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies. Regarding the credit card debt, under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has neither placed a telephone call to, nor engaged in a telephone conversation with, the consumer in connection with the collection of the particular debt.\n\niv. Assume the same facts as in the preceding example, except that on Monday, November 9, the debt collector engages in a telephone conversation with the consumer in connection with the collection of both the medical debt and the credit card debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has placed a telephone call to, and has engaged in a telephone conversation with, the consumer in connection with the collection of both the medical debt and the credit card debt, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies.\n\nv. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and a credit card debt from the same consumer. Beginning on Monday, November 9, and through Wednesday, November 11, the debt collector places two unanswered telephone calls to the consumer which the debt collector counts as telephone calls in connection with the collection of the medical debt, and four unanswered telephone calls to the consumer which the debt collector counts as telephone calls in connection with the collection of the credit card debt. On Thursday, November 12, the debt collector places a telephone call to, and engages in a general telephone conversation with, the consumer, but the debt collector and the consumer do not discuss either particular debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector may count the November 12 telephone call and ensuing conversation toward either the medical debt or the credit card debt. For example, if the debt collector counts the November 12 telephone call and ensuing conversation toward the collection of only the medical debt, then, during this time period, the debt collector has placed three telephone calls and has had one conversation in connection with the collection of the medical debt, and has placed four telephone calls and has had no conversations in connection with the collection of the credit card debt.\n\nvi. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and a credit card debt from the same consumer. On Monday, November 9, the debt collector places a telephone call to, and initiates a telephone conversation with, the consumer about the collection of the medical debt. The consumer states that the consumer does not want to discuss the medical debt, and instead initiates a discussion about the credit card debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has both placed a telephone call to, and engaged in a telephone conversation with, the consumer in connection with the collection of the medical debt, even though the consumer was unwilling to engage in the discussion initiated by the debt collector regarding the medical debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has not placed a telephone call to the consumer in connection with the credit card debt, but the debt collector has engaged in a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of the credit card debt, even though the consumer, not the debt collector, initiated the discussion about the credit card debt.\n\nvii. A debt collector is attempting to collect three student loan debts that were serviced under a single account number at the time that they were obtained by a debt collector and that are owed or allegedly owed by the same consumer. All three debts are treated as a single debt for purposes of § 1006.14(b)(2). The debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) if the debt collector places seven or fewer telephone calls within seven consecutive days to the consumer in connection with the collection of the three student loan debts, and the debt collector does not place a telephone call within a period of seven consecutive days after having had a telephone conversation with the consumer in connection with the collection of any one of the three student loan debts, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies.\n\n14(h) Prohibited communication media.\n\n14(h)(1) In general.\n\n1. Communication media designations. Section 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of any debt through a medium of communication if the person has requested that the debt collector not use that medium to communicate with the person. The debt collector may ask follow-up questions regarding preferred communication media to clarify statements by the person. For examples of communication media, see comment 2(d)–1.\n\n2. Specific address or telephone number. Within a medium of communication, a person may request that a debt collector not use a specific address or telephone number. For example, if a person has two mobile telephone numbers, the person may request that the debt collector not use one or both mobile telephone numbers.\n\n3. Examples. The following examples illustrate the prohibition in § 1006.14(h)(1).\n\ni. Assume that a person tells a debt collector to “stop calling” the person. Based on these facts, the person has requested that the debt collector not use telephone calls to communicate with the person and, thereafter, § 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the person through telephone calls.\n\nii. Assume that, in response to receipt of either the opt-out procedures described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii) or the opt-out notice in § 1006.6(e), a consumer requests to opt out of receiving electronic communications from a debt collector at a particular email address or telephone number. Based on these facts, the consumer has requested that the debt collector not use that email address or telephone number to electronically communicate with the consumer for any debt and, thereafter, § 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits the debt collector from electronically communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer through that email address or telephone number.\n\n14(h)(2) Exceptions.\n\n1. Legally required communication media. Under § 1006.14(h)(2)(iii), if otherwise required by applicable law, a debt collector may communicate or attempt to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of any debt through a medium of communication that the person has requested the debt collector not use to communicate with the person. For example, assume that a debt collector who is also a mortgage servicer subject to the periodic statement requirement for residential mortgage loans under Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41, is engaging in debt collection communications with a person about the person’s residential mortgage loan. The person tells the debt collector to stop mailing letters to the person, and the person has not consented to receive statements electronically in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.41(c). Although the person has requested that the debt collector not use mail to communicate with the person, § 1006.14(h)(2)(iii) permits the debt collector to mail the person periodic statements, because the periodic statements are required by applicable law.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["14(a) In general.", "1. General prohibition."], "anchor": "14-a-Interp-1", "text": "1. General prohibition. Section 1006.14(a), which implements FDCPA section 806 (15 U.S.C. 1692d), sets forth a general standard that prohibits a debt collector from engaging in any conduct the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt. The general prohibition covers the specific conduct described in § 1006.14(b) through (h), as well as any conduct by the debt collector that is not specifically prohibited by § 1006.14(b) through (h) but the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt. Such conduct can occur regardless of the communication media the debt collector uses, including in-person interactions, telephone calls, audio recordings, paper documents, mail, email, text messages, social media, or other electronic media, even if not specifically addressed by § 1006.14(b) through (h). The following example illustrates the rule.\n\ni. Assume that, in connection with the collection of a debt, a debt collector sends a consumer numerous, unsolicited text messages per day for several consecutive days. The consumer does not respond. Assume further that the debt collector does not communicate or attempt to communicate with the consumer using any other communication medium and that, by sending the text messages, the debt collector has not violated § 1006.14(b) through (h). Even though the debt collector’s conduct does not violate any specific prohibition under § 1006.14(b) through (h), it is likely that the natural consequence of the debt collector’s text messages is to harass, oppress, or abuse the person receiving the text messages; when such natural consequence occurs, the debt collector has violated § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806."}, {"heading_path": ["14(a) In general.", "2. Cumulative effect of conduct."], "anchor": "14-a-Interp-2", "text": "2. Cumulative effect of conduct. Whether a debt collector’s conduct violates the general standard in § 1006.14(a) may depend on the cumulative effect of the debt collector’s conduct through any communication medium the debt collector uses, including in-person interactions, telephone calls, audio recordings, paper documents, mail, email, text messages, social media, or other electronic media. Depending on the facts and circumstances, conduct that on its own would violate neither the general prohibition in § 1006.14(a), nor any specific prohibition in § 1006.14(b) through (h), nonetheless may violate § 1006.14(a) when such conduct is evaluated cumulatively with other conduct. The following example illustrates the rule as applied to a debt collector who uses multiple communication media to communicate or attempt to communicate with a person.\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector places seven unanswered telephone calls within seven consecutive days to a consumer in connection with the collection of a debt. During this same period, the debt collector also sends multiple additional unsolicited emails about the debt to the consumer. The consumer does not respond. The frequency of the debt collector’s telephone calls during the seven-day period does not exceed the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), so the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1). Assume further that no evidence is offered to rebut the presumption of compliance, such that the debt collector complies with § 1006.14(b)(1). Also assume that, for purposes of this illustrative example only, the frequency of the debt collector’s emails alone does not violate § 1006.14(a). It nevertheless is likely that the cumulative effect of the debt collector’s telephone calls and emails is harassment; when such natural consequence occurs, the debt collector has violated § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "1. Placing telephone calls repeatedly or continuously."], "anchor": "14-b-Interp-1", "text": "1. Placing telephone calls repeatedly or continuously. Section 1006.14(b) prohibits a debt collector from, in connection with the collection of a debt, placing telephone calls or engaging any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number, and it describes when a debt collector is presumed to have complied with or violated that prohibition. For purposes of § 1006.14(b)(1) through (4), “placing a telephone call” includes conveying a ringless voicemail but does not include sending an electronic message (e.g., a text message or an email) that may be received on a mobile telephone."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "14(b)(1) In general.", "1. Effect of compliance."], "anchor": "14-b-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Effect of compliance. A debt collector who complies with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5) complies with § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806 (15 U.S.C. 1692d) solely with respect to the frequency of its telephone calls. The debt collector nevertheless could violate § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806 if the natural consequence of another aspect of the debt collector’s telephone calls, unrelated to frequency, is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt. See also comment 14(a)–2 regarding the cumulative effect of the debt collector’s conduct."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "14(b)(1) In general.", "2. Example."], "anchor": "14-b-1-Interp-2", "text": "2. Example. Assume that a debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with a consumer about a particular debt only by telephone. The debt collector does not exceed either of the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1). Assume, further, that no evidence is offered to rebut that presumption of compliance. Pursuant to § 1006.14(b)(1), the debt collector complies with § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806, but only with respect to the frequency of its telephone calls. Assume, however, that one of the debt collector’s telephone calls results in the debt collector leaving a voicemail that contains obscene language. Even though the debt collector does not violate § 1006.14(a) and FDCPA section 806 based solely on the frequency of the telephone calls, the debt collector’s obscene voicemail would violate § 1006.14(a) and (d) and FDCPA section 806 and 806(2) (15 U.S.C. 1692, 1692d(2))."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(2)(i).", "1. Presumption of compliance; examples."], "anchor": "14-b-2-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. Presumption of compliance; examples. Section 1006.14(b)(2)(i) provides that a debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector places a telephone call to a particular person in connection with the collection of a particular debt neither: more than seven times within seven consecutive days (§ 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A)); nor within a period of seven consecutive days after having had a telephone conversation with the person in connection with the collection of such debt (§ 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(B)). For the presumption of compliance to apply, the debt collector’s telephone call frequencies must not exceed either prong of § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). The telephone call frequencies are subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). In addition, for purposes of § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(B), the date of the telephone conversation is the first day of the seven-consecutive-day period. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. On Wednesday, April 1, a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of a credit card debt by placing a telephone call and leaving a limited-content message. Between Thursday, April 2, and Tuesday, April 7, the debt collector places six more telephone calls to the consumer about the debt, all of which go unanswered. As of Tuesday, April 7, the debt collector has placed seven telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of the credit card debt within the period of seven consecutive days that started on Wednesday, April 1. Assume the debt collector does not place any additional telephone calls about the debt until Wednesday, April 8. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\nii. On Thursday, August 13, a consumer places a telephone call to, and initiates a telephone conversation with, a debt collector regarding a particular debt. Assume that the debt collector does not place a telephone call to the consumer in connection with the collection of that debt again prior to Thursday, August 20. The debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\niii. On Tuesday, October 6, a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a particular third party for the purpose of acquiring location information about a consumer by placing a telephone call to that third party. The call is unanswered. The debt collector places up to six more unanswered telephone calls to that third party for the purpose of acquiring location information about the consumer through Monday, October 12. The debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5). See § 1006.10(c) for further guidance concerning when a debt collector is prohibited from communicating with a person other than the consumer for the purpose of acquiring location information."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(2)(i).", "2. Factors to rebut the presumption of compliance."], "anchor": "14-b-2-i-Interp-2", "text": "2. Factors to rebut the presumption of compliance. To rebut the presumption of compliance, it must be proven that a debt collector who did not place a telephone call in excess of either of the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i) nevertheless placed a telephone call or engaged a person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number. For purposes of determining whether the presumption of compliance has been rebutted, it is assumed that debt collectors intend the natural consequence of their actions. Comments 14(b)(2)(i)–2.i through .iv provide a non-exhaustive list of factors that may rebut the presumption of compliance. The factors may be considered either individually or in combination with one another (or other non-specified factors). The factors may be viewed in light of any other relevant facts and circumstances and therefore may apply to varying degrees. Factors that may rebut the presumption of compliance include:\n\ni. The frequency and pattern of telephone calls the debt collector places to a person, including the intervals between them. The considerations relevant to this factor include whether the debt collector placed telephone calls to a person in rapid succession (e.g., two unanswered telephone calls to the same telephone number within five minutes) or in a highly concentrated manner (e.g., seven telephone calls to the same telephone number within one day). For example, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(i)–1.i, except assume that, after the debt collector placed the first telephone call to the consumer about the credit card debt on Wednesday, April 1, the debt collector placed six additional telephone calls to the consumer about that debt on Friday, April 3. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5), but the high concentration of telephone calls on Friday, April 3, is a factor that may rebut the presumption of compliance.\n\nii. The frequency and pattern of any voicemails that the debt collector leaves for a person, including the intervals between them. The considerations relevant to this factor include whether the debt collector left voicemails for a person in rapid succession (e.g., two voicemails within five minutes left at the same telephone number) or in a highly concentrated manner (e.g., seven voicemails left at the same telephone number within one day).\n\niii. The content of a person’s prior communications with the debt collector. Among the considerations relevant to this factor are whether the person previously informed the debt collector, for example, that the person did not wish to be contacted again about the particular debt, that the person was refusing to pay the particular debt, or that the person did not owe the particular debt. This factor also includes a consumer’s cease communication notification described in § 1006.6(c) and a consumer’s request under § 1006.14(h) that the debt collector not use telephone calls to communicate or attempt to communicate with the consumer. The amount of time elapsed since any such prior communications also may be relevant to this factor.\n\niv. The debt collector’s conduct in prior communications or attempts to communicate with the person. Among the considerations relevant to this factor are whether, during a prior communication or attempt to communicate with a person, the debt collector, for example, used obscene, profane, or otherwise abusive language (see § 1006.14(d)), used or threatened to use violence or other criminal means to harm the person (see § 1006.14(c)), or called at an inconvenient time or place (see § 1006.6(b)(1)). The amount of time elapsed since any such prior communications or attempts to communicate also may be relevant to this factor."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(2)(i).", "3. Misdirected telephone calls."], "anchor": "14-b-2-i-Interp-3", "text": "3. Misdirected telephone calls. Section 1006.14(b)(2)(i) provides that a debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector’s telephone call frequencies do not exceed the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). If, within a period of seven consecutive days, a debt collector attempts to communicate with a particular person by placing telephone calls to a particular telephone number, and the debt collector then learns that the telephone number is not that person’s number, the telephone calls that the debt collector made to that number are not considered to have been telephone calls placed to that person during that seven-consecutive-day period for purposes of § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). For example:\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a consumer on Monday, and again on Wednesday, by placing one unanswered telephone call to a particular telephone number on each of those days. On Thursday, the debt collector learns that the telephone number belongs to someone else and that the consumer does not answer telephone calls to that number. For purposes of § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), the debt collector has not yet placed any telephone calls to that consumer during that seven-consecutive-day period."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(2)(ii).", "1. Presumption of a violation; examples."], "anchor": "14-b-2-ii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Presumption of a violation; examples. Section 1006.14(b)(2)(ii) provides that a debt collector is presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector places a telephone call to a particular person in connection with the collection of a particular debt in excess of either of the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). The telephone call frequencies are subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. On Wednesday, April 1, a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of a mortgage debt by placing a telephone call and leaving a limited-content message. On each of the next three business days (i.e., on Thursday, April 2, Friday, April 3, and Monday, April 6), the debt collector places two additional telephone calls to the consumer about the debt, all of which go unanswered. On Tuesday, April 7, the debt collector places an additional telephone call to the consumer about the debt. The debt collector has placed a total of eight telephone calls to the consumer about the debt during the seven-day period starting Wednesday, April 1. None of the calls was subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). The debt collector is presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\nii. On Tuesday, August 11, a debt collector first attempts to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of a credit card debt by placing a telephone call to the consumer that the consumer does not answer. On Friday, August 14, the debt collector again places a telephone call to the consumer and has a telephone conversation with the consumer in connection with the collection of the debt. Subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3), the debt collector is presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) if the debt collector places a telephone call to the consumer in connection with the collection of that debt again prior to Friday, August 21."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(2)(ii).", "2. Factors to rebut the presumption of a violation."], "anchor": "14-b-2-ii-Interp-2", "text": "2. Factors to rebut the presumption of a violation. To rebut the presumption of a violation, it must be proven that a debt collector who placed telephone calls in excess of either of the frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i) nevertheless did not place a telephone call or engage any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy, abuse, or harass any person at the called number. For purposes of determining whether the presumption of a violation has been rebutted, it is assumed that debt collectors intend the natural consequence of their actions. Comments 14(b)(2)(ii)–2.i through .iv provide a non-exhaustive list of factors that may rebut the presumption of a violation. The factors may be considered either individually or in combination with one another (or other non-specified factors). The factors may be viewed in light of any other relevant facts and circumstances and therefore may apply to varying degrees. Factors that may rebut the presumption of a violation include:\n\ni. Whether a debt collector placed a telephone call to comply with, or as required by, applicable law. For example, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(ii)–1.i, except assume that the debt collector placed the final telephone call of the seven-consecutive-day period to inform the consumer of available loss mitigation options in compliance with the Bureau’s mortgage servicing rules under Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.39(a). The debt collector’s compliance with applicable law is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\nii. Whether a debt collector placed a telephone call that was directly related to active litigation involving the collection of a particular debt. For example, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(ii)–1.ii, except assume that, after the debt collector and the consumer had a telephone conversation about the credit card debt on Friday, August 14, the debt collector placed another telephone call to the consumer before Friday, August 21, to complete a court-ordered communication with the consumer about the debt, or as part of negotiations to settle active debt collection litigation regarding the debt. The direct relationship between the additional telephone call and the active debt collection litigation is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\niii. Whether a debt collector placed a telephone call in response to a consumer’s request for additional information when the exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) for telephone calls made with the consumer’s prior consent given directly to the debt collector did not apply. For example, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(ii)–1.ii, except assume that, during the telephone conversation about the credit card debt on Friday, August 14, the consumer told the debt collector that the consumer would like more information about the amount of the debt but that the consumer could not talk at that moment. The consumer ended the telephone call before the debt collector could seek prior consent under § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) to call back with the requested information. The debt collector placed another telephone call to the consumer prior to Friday, August 21, to provide the requested information. The fact that the debt collector placed the additional telephone call in response to the consumer’s request is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\niv. Whether a debt collector placed a telephone call to convey information to the consumer that, as shown through evidence, would provide the consumer with an opportunity to avoid a demonstrably negative effect relating to the collection of the particular debt, where the negative effect was not in the debt collector’s control, and where time was of the essence. For example, in each of the following three scenarios, assume the same facts as in comment 14(b)(2)(ii)–1.ii, and also assume that:\n\nA. During the telephone conversation about the credit card debt on Friday, August 14, the debt collector and the consumer engaged in a lengthy conversation regarding settlement terms, and, toward the end of the conversation, the telephone call dropped. The debt collector immediately placed an additional telephone call to the consumer to complete the conversation. The fact that the debt collector placed the telephone call to permit the debt collector and the consumer to complete the conversation about settlement terms, which provided the consumer an opportunity to avoid a demonstrably negative effect that was not in the debt collector’s control (i.e., having to repeat a substantive conversation with a potentially different representative of the debt collector) and where time was of the essence (i.e., to prevent the delay of settlement negotiations by seven days) is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\nB. The consumer previously entered into a payment plan with the debt collector regarding the credit card debt. The conditions for the payment plan were set by the creditor, and among those conditions is that only the creditor, in its sole discretion, may approve waivers of late fees. On Monday, August 17, the debt collector learned that the consumer’s payment failed to process, and the applicable grace period was set to expire on Tuesday, August 18. The debt collector placed a telephone call to the consumer on Monday to remind the consumer that a late fee would be applied by the creditor for non-payment unless the consumer made the payment by the next day. The fact that the debt collector placed the telephone call to alert the consumer to the pending penalty, giving the consumer an opportunity to avoid a demonstrably negative effect that was not in the debt collector’s control and where time was of the essence, is a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation.\n\nC. On Monday, August 17, the debt collector placed a telephone call to the consumer to offer the consumer a “one-time only” discount on the payment of the credit card debt. The debt collector stated that the offer would expire the next day when, in fact, the debt collector could have offered the same or a similar discount through the end of August. Because the negative effect on the consumer was in the debt collector’s control, the discount offer is not a factor that may rebut the presumption of a violation."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(3)(i).", "1. Prior consent."], "anchor": "14-b-3-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. Prior consent. Section 1006.14(b)(3)(i) excludes from the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2) certain telephone calls placed to a person who gives prior consent. See § 1006.6(b)(4)(i) and its associated commentary for guidance about giving prior consent directly to a debt collector. Nothing in § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) regarding prior consent for telephone call frequencies permits a debt collector to communicate, or attempt to communicate, with a consumer as prohibited by §§ 1006.6(b) and 1006.14(h)."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(3)(i).", "2. Duration of prior consent."], "anchor": "14-b-3-i-Interp-2", "text": "2. Duration of prior consent. For purposes of § 1006.14(b)(3)(i), if a person gives prior consent for additional telephone calls about a particular debt directly to a debt collector, any telephone calls that the debt collector thereafter places to the person about that particular debt do not count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2) for a period of up to seven consecutive days. A person’s prior consent may expire before the conclusion of the seven-consecutive-day period. A person’s prior consent expires when any of the following occurs: (1) the person consented to the additional telephone calls for a shorter time period and such time period has ended; (2) the person revokes such prior consent; or (3) the debt collector has a telephone conversation with the person regarding the particular debt."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(3)(i).", "3. Examples."], "anchor": "14-b-3-i-Interp-3", "text": "3. Examples. The following examples illustrate how § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) applies:\n\ni. On Friday, April 3, a debt collector places a telephone call to a consumer. During the ensuing telephone conversation in connection with the collection of a debt, the consumer tells the debt collector to “call back on Monday.” Absent an exception, under § 1006.14(b)(2)(ii), the debt collector would be presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) if the debt collector called the consumer on Monday, April 6, because the additional telephone call would exceed the frequency described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(B). Under § 1006.14(b)(3)(i), however, in the scenario described (and absent any other facts), the debt collector could, pursuant to the consumer’s prior consent, place telephone calls to the consumer on Monday, April 6, and not lose a presumption of compliance with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\nii. Assume the same facts as in the preceding example, except that the consumer does not specify a particular day the debt collector may call back. Assume further that, on Monday, April 6, the debt collector calls the consumer back and has a telephone conversation with the consumer. The exception in § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) does not apply to subsequent telephone calls placed by the debt collector to the consumer, absent additional prior consent from the consumer. For example, if the debt collector, without additional prior consent, placed a telephone call to the consumer on Wednesday, April 8, that telephone call would count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2), and, pursuant to § 1006.14(b)(2)(ii), the debt collector would be presumed to violate § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5).\n\niii. Between Monday, June 1, and Wednesday, June 3, a debt collector places three unanswered telephone calls to a consumer in connection with the collection of a debt. Also on Wednesday, June 3, the debt collector sends the consumer an email message in connection with the collection of the debt. The consumer responds by email on Thursday, June 4, requesting additional information about available repayment options related to the debt and writes, “You can call me at 123-456-7891 to discuss the repayment options.” The debt collector receives the consumer’s prior consent by email on Thursday, June 4, and thereafter places eight unanswered telephone calls to the consumer between Monday, June 8, and Wednesday, June 10. Because the consumer provided prior consent directly to the debt collector, the exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3)(i) applies to the eight telephone calls placed by the debt collector during the seven-consecutive-day period that began with receipt of the consumer’s consent on Thursday, June 4. Those telephone calls therefore do not count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i). However, any telephone calls placed by the debt collector after the end of the seven-day period (i.e., on or after Thursday, June 11) would count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i), unless the consumer again gives prior consent directly to the debt collector."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "Paragraph 14(b)(3)(ii).", "1. Unconnected telephone calls."], "anchor": "14-b-3-ii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Unconnected telephone calls. Section 1006.14(b)(3)(ii) provides that telephone calls placed to a person do not count toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i) if they do not connect to the dialed number. A debt collector’s telephone call does not connect to the dialed number if, for example, the debt collector receives a busy signal or an indication that the dialed number is not in service. Conversely, a telephone call placed to a person counts toward the telephone call frequencies described in § 1006.14(b)(2)(i) if it connects to the dialed number, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies. A debt collector’s telephone call connects to the dialed number if, for example, the telephone call is answered, even if it subsequently drops; if the telephone call causes a telephone to ring at the dialed number but no one answers it; or if the telephone call is connected to a voicemail or other recorded message, even if it does not cause a telephone to ring and even if the debt collector is unable to leave a voicemail."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "14(b)(4) Definition.", "1. Particular debt."], "anchor": "14-b-4-Interp-1", "text": "1. Particular debt. Section 1006.14(b)(2) establishes presumptions of compliance and violation with respect to § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) (15 U.S.C. 1692d(5)) based on the frequency with which a debt collector places telephone calls to, or engages in telephone conversation with, a person in connection with the collection of a particular debt. Section 1006.14(b)(4) provides that, except in the case of student loan debt, the term particular debt means each of a consumer’s debts in collection. For student loan debt, § 1006.14(b)(4) provides that the term particular debt means all student loan debts that a consumer owes or allegedly owes that were serviced under a single account number at the time the debts were obtained by a debt collector.\n\ni. Placing a telephone call in connection with the collection of a particular debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A), if a debt collector places a telephone call to a person and initiates a conversation or leaves a voicemail about one particular debt, the debt collector counts the telephone call as a telephone call in connection with the collection of the particular debt, subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). If a debt collector places a telephone call to a person and initiates a conversation or leaves a voicemail about more than one particular debt, the debt collector counts the telephone call as a telephone call in connection with the collection of each such particular debt, subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). If a debt collector places a telephone call to a person but neither initiates a conversation about a particular debt nor leaves a voicemail that refers to a particular debt, or if the debt collector’s telephone call is unanswered, the debt collector counts the telephone call as a telephone call in connection with the collection of at least one particular debt, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies.\n\nii. Engaging in a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of a particular debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(B), if a debt collector and a person discuss one particular debt during a telephone conversation, the debt collector has engaged in a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of the particular debt, regardless of which party initiated the discussion about the particular debt, subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). If a debt collector and a person discuss more than one particular debt during a telephone conversation, the debt collector has engaged in a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of each such particular debt, regardless of which party initiated the discussion about the particular debts, subject to the exclusions in § 1006.14(b)(3). If no particular debt is discussed during a telephone conversation between a debt collector and a person, the debt collector counts the conversation as a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of at least one particular debt, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies."}, {"heading_path": ["14(b) Repeated or continuous telephone calls or telephone conversations.", "14(b)(4) Definition.", "2. Examples."], "anchor": "14-b-4-Interp-2", "text": "2. Examples. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and two credit card debts (denominated A and B for this example) from the same consumer. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A), a debt collector may count an unanswered telephone call as one telephone call placed toward any one particular debt, even if the debt collector intended to discuss more than one particular debt had the telephone call resulted in a telephone conversation. Therefore, if the debt collector, within a period of seven consecutive days, places a total of 21 unanswered telephone calls, seven of which the debt collector counted as unanswered telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of the medical debt, seven of which the debt collector counted as unanswered telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of credit card debt A, and seven of which the debt collector counted as unanswered telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of credit card debt B, the debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5), even if, for example, the debt collector intended to discuss both credit card debt A and credit card debt B had any of the telephone calls with respect to the credit card debts resulted in a telephone conversation.\n\nii. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and a credit card debt from the same consumer. The debt collector places a telephone call to the consumer, intending to discuss both particular debts, but the consumer does not answer, and the telephone call goes to voicemail. The debt collector leaves a limited-content message, as defined in § 1006.2(j). Because the limited-content message does not specifically refer to any particular debt, under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A), a debt collector may count the voicemail as one telephone call placed toward either of the particular debts, even though the debt collector intended to discuss both particular debts if the telephone call had resulted in a telephone conversation.\n\niii. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and a credit card debt from the same consumer. On Monday, November 9, the debt collector places a telephone call to, and engages in a telephone conversation with, the consumer solely in connection with the collection of the medical debt. The debt collector does not place any telephone calls to the consumer in connection with the collection of the credit card debt. Regarding the medical debt, under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has placed a telephone call to, and has and engaged in a telephone conversation with, the consumer in connection with the collection of the particular debt, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies. Regarding the credit card debt, under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has neither placed a telephone call to, nor engaged in a telephone conversation with, the consumer in connection with the collection of the particular debt.\n\niv. Assume the same facts as in the preceding example, except that on Monday, November 9, the debt collector engages in a telephone conversation with the consumer in connection with the collection of both the medical debt and the credit card debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has placed a telephone call to, and has engaged in a telephone conversation with, the consumer in connection with the collection of both the medical debt and the credit card debt, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies.\n\nv. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and a credit card debt from the same consumer. Beginning on Monday, November 9, and through Wednesday, November 11, the debt collector places two unanswered telephone calls to the consumer which the debt collector counts as telephone calls in connection with the collection of the medical debt, and four unanswered telephone calls to the consumer which the debt collector counts as telephone calls in connection with the collection of the credit card debt. On Thursday, November 12, the debt collector places a telephone call to, and engages in a general telephone conversation with, the consumer, but the debt collector and the consumer do not discuss either particular debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector may count the November 12 telephone call and ensuing conversation toward either the medical debt or the credit card debt. For example, if the debt collector counts the November 12 telephone call and ensuing conversation toward the collection of only the medical debt, then, during this time period, the debt collector has placed three telephone calls and has had one conversation in connection with the collection of the medical debt, and has placed four telephone calls and has had no conversations in connection with the collection of the credit card debt.\n\nvi. A debt collector is attempting to collect a medical debt and a credit card debt from the same consumer. On Monday, November 9, the debt collector places a telephone call to, and initiates a telephone conversation with, the consumer about the collection of the medical debt. The consumer states that the consumer does not want to discuss the medical debt, and instead initiates a discussion about the credit card debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has both placed a telephone call to, and engaged in a telephone conversation with, the consumer in connection with the collection of the medical debt, even though the consumer was unwilling to engage in the discussion initiated by the debt collector regarding the medical debt. Under § 1006.14(b)(2)(i)(A) and (B) respectively, the debt collector has not placed a telephone call to the consumer in connection with the credit card debt, but the debt collector has engaged in a telephone conversation in connection with the collection of the credit card debt, even though the consumer, not the debt collector, initiated the discussion about the credit card debt.\n\nvii. A debt collector is attempting to collect three student loan debts that were serviced under a single account number at the time that they were obtained by a debt collector and that are owed or allegedly owed by the same consumer. All three debts are treated as a single debt for purposes of § 1006.14(b)(2). The debt collector is presumed to comply with § 1006.14(b)(1) and FDCPA section 806(5) if the debt collector places seven or fewer telephone calls within seven consecutive days to the consumer in connection with the collection of the three student loan debts, and the debt collector does not place a telephone call within a period of seven consecutive days after having had a telephone conversation with the consumer in connection with the collection of any one of the three student loan debts, unless an exclusion in § 1006.14(b)(3) applies."}, {"heading_path": ["14(h) Prohibited communication media.", "14(h)(1) In general.", "1. Communication media designations."], "anchor": "14-h-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Communication media designations. Section 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of any debt through a medium of communication if the person has requested that the debt collector not use that medium to communicate with the person. The debt collector may ask follow-up questions regarding preferred communication media to clarify statements by the person. For examples of communication media, see comment 2(d)–1."}, {"heading_path": ["14(h) Prohibited communication media.", "14(h)(1) In general.", "2. Specific address or telephone number."], "anchor": "14-h-1-Interp-2", "text": "2. Specific address or telephone number. Within a medium of communication, a person may request that a debt collector not use a specific address or telephone number. For example, if a person has two mobile telephone numbers, the person may request that the debt collector not use one or both mobile telephone numbers."}, {"heading_path": ["14(h) Prohibited communication media.", "14(h)(1) In general.", "3. Examples."], "anchor": "14-h-1-Interp-3", "text": "3. Examples. The following examples illustrate the prohibition in § 1006.14(h)(1).\n\ni. Assume that a person tells a debt collector to “stop calling” the person. Based on these facts, the person has requested that the debt collector not use telephone calls to communicate with the person and, thereafter, § 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the person through telephone calls.\n\nii. Assume that, in response to receipt of either the opt-out procedures described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii) or the opt-out notice in § 1006.6(e), a consumer requests to opt out of receiving electronic communications from a debt collector at a particular email address or telephone number. Based on these facts, the consumer has requested that the debt collector not use that email address or telephone number to electronically communicate with the consumer for any debt and, thereafter, § 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits the debt collector from electronically communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer through that email address or telephone number."}, {"heading_path": ["14(h) Prohibited communication media.", "14(h)(2) Exceptions.", "1. Legally required communication media."], "anchor": "14-h-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. Legally required communication media. Under § 1006.14(h)(2)(iii), if otherwise required by applicable law, a debt collector may communicate or attempt to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of any debt through a medium of communication that the person has requested the debt collector not use to communicate with the person. For example, assume that a debt collector who is also a mortgage servicer subject to the periodic statement requirement for residential mortgage loans under Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41, is engaging in debt collection communications with a person about the person’s residential mortgage loan. The person tells the debt collector to stop mailing letters to the person, and the person has not consented to receive statements electronically in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.41(c). Although the person has requested that the debt collector not use mail to communicate with the person, § 1006.14(h)(2)(iii) permits the debt collector to mail the person periodic statements, because the periodic statements are required by applicable law."}]}
{"id": "fed0937be83367d9", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-18/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-18", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.18 — False, Deceptive, or Misleading Representations or Means", "description": "The comment for 1006.18 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:01Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:19Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:19Z", "word_count": 777, "char_count": 5110, "reading_time_minutes": 3, "link_density": 0.05, "quality_score": 0.97, "content_hash": "37c782646f12cbe471044a1455d202c54e0a3de9ac00c302ddd508530f29aa61", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "18(d) False representations or deceptive means.\n\n1. Social media. Under § 1006.18(d), a debt collector may not use any false representation or deceptive means to collect any debt or to obtain information concerning a consumer. In the social media context, the following examples illustrate the rule:\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector sends a private message, in connection with the collection of a debt, requesting to be added as one of the consumer’s contacts on a social media platform marketed for social or professional networking purposes. A debt collector makes a false representation or implication if the debt collector does not disclose his or her identity as a debt collector in the request.\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector communicates privately with a friend or coworker of a consumer on a social media platform, for the purpose of acquiring location information about the consumer. Pursuant to § 1006.10(b)(1), the debt collector must identify himself or herself individually by name when communicating for the purpose of acquiring location information. To avoid violating § 1006.18(d), the debt collector must communicate using a profile that accurately identifies the debt collector’s individual name. (But see § 1006.18(f) and its associated commentary regarding use of assumed names.) The debt collector also must comply with the other applicable requirements for obtaining location information in § 1006.10 (e.g., with respect to stating that the debt collector is confirming or correcting location information concerning the consumer and, only if expressly requested, identifying the name of the debt collector’s employer), for communicating with third parties in § 1006.6(d)(1), and for communicating through social media in § 1006.22(f)(4).\n\n18(e) Disclosures required.\n\n1. Communication. A limited-content message, as defined in § 1006.2(j), is not a communication, as that term is defined in § 1006.2(d). Thus, a debt collector who leaves only a limited-content message for a consumer need not make the disclosures required by § 1006.18(e)(1) and (2). However, if a debt collector leaves a voicemail message for a consumer that includes content in addition to the content described in § 1006.2(j)(1) and (2) and that directly or indirectly conveys any information regarding a debt, the voicemail message is a communication, and the debt collector is required to make the § 1006.18(e) disclosures. See the commentary to § 1006.2(d) and (j) for additional clarification regarding the definitions of communication and limited-content message.\n\n18(e)(1) Initial communications.\n\n1. Example. A debt collector must make the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1) in the debt collector’s initial communication with a consumer, regardless of the medium of communication and regardless of whether the debt collector or the consumer initiated the communication. For example, assume that a debt collector who has not previously communicated with a consumer attempts to communicate with the consumer by leaving a limited-content message, as defined in § 1006.2(j). After listening to the debt collector’s limited-content message, the consumer initiates a telephone call to, and communicates with, the debt collector. Pursuant to § 1006.18(e)(1), because the consumer-initiated call is the initial communication between the debt collector and the consumer, the debt collector must disclose to the consumer during that telephone call that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose.\n\n18(e)(4) Translated disclosures.\n\n1. Example. Section 1006.18(e)(4) provides that a debt collector must make the disclosures required by § 1006.18(e)(1) and (2) in the same language or languages used for the rest of the communication in which the disclosures are conveyed. The following example illustrates the rule:\n\ni. ABC debt collector is collecting a debt. ABC debt collector’s initial communication with the consumer takes place in Spanish. Section 1006.18(e)(4) requires ABC debt collector to provide in Spanish the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1). Thereafter, ABC debt collector has a communication with the consumer that takes place partly in English and partly in Spanish. During this communication, the debt collector must provide the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(2) in both English and Spanish.\n\n18(f) Assumed names.\n\n1. Readily identifiable by the employer. Section 1006.18(f) provides, in part, that § 1006.18 does not prohibit a debt collector’s employee from using an assumed name when communicating or attempting to communicate with a person, provided that the debt collector can readily identify any employee using an assumed name. A debt collector may use any method of managing assumed names that enables the debt collector to determine the true identity of any employee using an assumed name. For example, a debt collector may require an employee to use the same assumed name when communicating or attempting to communicate with any person and may prohibit any other employee from using the same assumed name.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["18(d) False representations or deceptive means.", "1. Social media."], "anchor": "18-d-Interp-1", "text": "1. Social media. Under § 1006.18(d), a debt collector may not use any false representation or deceptive means to collect any debt or to obtain information concerning a consumer. In the social media context, the following examples illustrate the rule:\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector sends a private message, in connection with the collection of a debt, requesting to be added as one of the consumer’s contacts on a social media platform marketed for social or professional networking purposes. A debt collector makes a false representation or implication if the debt collector does not disclose his or her identity as a debt collector in the request.\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector communicates privately with a friend or coworker of a consumer on a social media platform, for the purpose of acquiring location information about the consumer. Pursuant to § 1006.10(b)(1), the debt collector must identify himself or herself individually by name when communicating for the purpose of acquiring location information. To avoid violating § 1006.18(d), the debt collector must communicate using a profile that accurately identifies the debt collector’s individual name. (But see § 1006.18(f) and its associated commentary regarding use of assumed names.) The debt collector also must comply with the other applicable requirements for obtaining location information in § 1006.10 (e.g., with respect to stating that the debt collector is confirming or correcting location information concerning the consumer and, only if expressly requested, identifying the name of the debt collector’s employer), for communicating with third parties in § 1006.6(d)(1), and for communicating through social media in § 1006.22(f)(4)."}, {"heading_path": ["18(e) Disclosures required.", "1. Communication."], "anchor": "18-e-Interp-1", "text": "1. Communication. A limited-content message, as defined in § 1006.2(j), is not a communication, as that term is defined in § 1006.2(d). Thus, a debt collector who leaves only a limited-content message for a consumer need not make the disclosures required by § 1006.18(e)(1) and (2). However, if a debt collector leaves a voicemail message for a consumer that includes content in addition to the content described in § 1006.2(j)(1) and (2) and that directly or indirectly conveys any information regarding a debt, the voicemail message is a communication, and the debt collector is required to make the § 1006.18(e) disclosures. See the commentary to § 1006.2(d) and (j) for additional clarification regarding the definitions of communication and limited-content message."}, {"heading_path": ["18(e) Disclosures required.", "18(e)(1) Initial communications.", "1. Example."], "anchor": "18-e-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Example. A debt collector must make the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1) in the debt collector’s initial communication with a consumer, regardless of the medium of communication and regardless of whether the debt collector or the consumer initiated the communication. For example, assume that a debt collector who has not previously communicated with a consumer attempts to communicate with the consumer by leaving a limited-content message, as defined in § 1006.2(j). After listening to the debt collector’s limited-content message, the consumer initiates a telephone call to, and communicates with, the debt collector. Pursuant to § 1006.18(e)(1), because the consumer-initiated call is the initial communication between the debt collector and the consumer, the debt collector must disclose to the consumer during that telephone call that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose."}, {"heading_path": ["18(e) Disclosures required.", "18(e)(4) Translated disclosures.", "1. Example."], "anchor": "18-e-4-Interp-1", "text": "1. Example. Section 1006.18(e)(4) provides that a debt collector must make the disclosures required by § 1006.18(e)(1) and (2) in the same language or languages used for the rest of the communication in which the disclosures are conveyed. The following example illustrates the rule:\n\ni. ABC debt collector is collecting a debt. ABC debt collector’s initial communication with the consumer takes place in Spanish. Section 1006.18(e)(4) requires ABC debt collector to provide in Spanish the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1). Thereafter, ABC debt collector has a communication with the consumer that takes place partly in English and partly in Spanish. During this communication, the debt collector must provide the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(2) in both English and Spanish."}, {"heading_path": ["18(f) Assumed names.", "1. Readily identifiable by the employer."], "anchor": "18-f-Interp-1", "text": "1. Readily identifiable by the employer. Section 1006.18(f) provides, in part, that § 1006.18 does not prohibit a debt collector’s employee from using an assumed name when communicating or attempting to communicate with a person, provided that the debt collector can readily identify any employee using an assumed name. A debt collector may use any method of managing assumed names that enables the debt collector to determine the true identity of any employee using an assumed name. For example, a debt collector may require an employee to use the same assumed name when communicating or attempting to communicate with any person and may prohibit any other employee from using the same assumed name."}]}
{"id": "ac6f0c987e4fecdc", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-2/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-2", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1026.2 — Definitions", "description": "The comment for 1006.2 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:57Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:15Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:15Z", "word_count": 1039, "char_count": 6586, "reading_time_minutes": 5, "link_density": 0.036, "quality_score": 0.98, "content_hash": "e70a9ef423dcd71bcb47dbead788a4d58a8704169e33391aa4ced6860375ec73", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "2(b) Attempt to communicate.\n\n1. Examples. Section 1006.2(b) defines an attempt to communicate as any act to initiate a communication or other contact about a debt with any person through any medium, including by soliciting a response from such person. An act to initiate a communication or other contact about a debt is an attempt to communicate regardless of whether the attempt, if successful, would be a communication that conveys information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person. For example:\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector places a telephone call to a person about a debt. Regardless of whether the debt collector reaches the person, the debt collector has attempted to communicate with the person.\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector places a telephone call to a person about a debt and leaves a voicemail message. Regardless of whether the voicemail message consists solely of a limited-content message or includes content that conveys, directly or indirectly, information about a debt, the debt collector has attempted to communicate with the person.\n\n2(d) Communicate or communication.\n\n1. Any medium. Section 1006.2(d) provides, in relevant part, that a communication can occur through any medium. “Any medium” includes any oral, written, electronic, or other medium. For example, a communication may occur in person or by telephone, audio recording, paper document, mail, email, text message, social media, or other electronic media.\n\n2. Information regarding a debt. Section 1006.2(d) provides, in relevant part, that a communication means conveying information regarding a debt. A debt collector does not convey information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person if the debt collector leaves only a limited-content message, as defined in § 1006.2(j). A debt collector who provides marketing or advertising that does not contain information about a specific debt or debts has not communicated under § 1006.2(d), even if the debt collector transmits the marketing or advertising message to a consumer, because the debt collector has not conveyed information regarding a debt.\n\n2(h) Debt.\n\n1. Consumer. Section 1006.2(h) defines debt to mean, in part, any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay money arising out of a transaction. Section 1006.2(e), in turn, defines consumer to mean any natural person obligated or allegedly obligated to pay any debt. Only natural persons, therefore, can incur debts as defined in § 1006.2(h).\n\n2(i) Debt collector.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.2(i) provides, in part, that a debt collector is any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or mail in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due, or asserted to be owed or due, to another. A person who collects or attempts to collect defaulted debts that the person has purchased, but who does not collect or attempt to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due, or asserted to be owed or due, to another, and who does not have a business the principal purpose of which is the collection of debts, is not a debt collector as defined in § 1006.2(i).\n\n2(j) Limited-content message.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.2(j) provides that a limited-content message is a voicemail message for a consumer that includes all of the content described in § 1006.2(j)(1), that may include any of the content described in § 1006.2(j)(2), and that includes no other content. Any other message is not a limited-content message. If a voicemail message includes content other than the specific items described in § 1006.2(j)(1) and (2), and such other content directly or indirectly conveys any information about a debt, the message is a communication, as defined in § 1006.2(d). For example, a voicemail message that includes a statement that the message is from a debt collector and a request to speak to a particular consumer is not a limited-content message because it includes more than the required or permitted content.\n\n2. Message for a consumer. Section 1006.2(j) provides, in part, that a limited-content message is a voicemail message for a consumer. A message knowingly left for a third party is not a limited-content message because it is not for a consumer. For example, assume that a debt collector has a telephone number that the debt collector knows belongs to the consumer’s friend. A voicemail message left after calling that number is not a limited-content message, even if the message includes no more than the content described in § 1006.2(j)(1) and (2) because the debt collector knowingly left the message for someone other than the consumer. Other provisions of this part may, in certain circumstances, restrict a debt collector from leaving a limited-content message or otherwise attempting to communicate with a consumer. See §§ 1006.6(b) and (c) and 1006.22(f) and their related commentary for further guidance regarding when a debt collector is prohibited from attempting to communicate with a consumer.\n\n3. Meaningful disclosure of identity. A debt collector who leaves only a limited-content message for a consumer does not violate § 1006.14(g)’s requirement to meaningfully disclose the caller’s identity with respect to that voicemail message.\n\n2(j)(1) Required content.\n\n1. Example. The following example illustrates a limited-content message that includes only the content described in § 1006.2(j)(1): “This is Robin Smith calling from ABC Inc. Please contact me or Jim Johnson at 1-800-555-1212.”\n\n2(j)(2) Optional content.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.2(j)(2)(iv) provides that a limited-content message may include a statement that, if the consumer replies, the consumer may speak to any of the company’s representatives or associates. A message that includes a more detailed description of the representative or associate group is not a limited-content message. For example, a reference to an agent with the “credit card receivables group” is not a limited-content message because it includes more than a statement that the consumer’s reply may be answered by a representative or associate.\n\n2. Example. The following example illustrates a limited-content message that includes the content described in both § 1006.2(j)(1) and (2): “Hi, this is Robin Smith calling from ABC Inc. It is 4:15 p.m. on Wednesday, September 1. Please contact me or any of our representatives at 1-800-555-1212 today until 6:00 p.m. Eastern time, or any weekday from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Eastern time.”", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["2(b) Attempt to communicate.", "1. Examples."], "anchor": "2-b-Interp-1", "text": "1. Examples. Section 1006.2(b) defines an attempt to communicate as any act to initiate a communication or other contact about a debt with any person through any medium, including by soliciting a response from such person. An act to initiate a communication or other contact about a debt is an attempt to communicate regardless of whether the attempt, if successful, would be a communication that conveys information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person. For example:\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector places a telephone call to a person about a debt. Regardless of whether the debt collector reaches the person, the debt collector has attempted to communicate with the person.\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector places a telephone call to a person about a debt and leaves a voicemail message. Regardless of whether the voicemail message consists solely of a limited-content message or includes content that conveys, directly or indirectly, information about a debt, the debt collector has attempted to communicate with the person."}, {"heading_path": ["2(d) Communicate or communication.", "1. Any medium."], "anchor": "2-d-Interp-1", "text": "1. Any medium. Section 1006.2(d) provides, in relevant part, that a communication can occur through any medium. “Any medium” includes any oral, written, electronic, or other medium. For example, a communication may occur in person or by telephone, audio recording, paper document, mail, email, text message, social media, or other electronic media."}, {"heading_path": ["2(d) Communicate or communication.", "2. Information regarding a debt."], "anchor": "2-d-Interp-2", "text": "2. Information regarding a debt. Section 1006.2(d) provides, in relevant part, that a communication means conveying information regarding a debt. A debt collector does not convey information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person if the debt collector leaves only a limited-content message, as defined in § 1006.2(j). A debt collector who provides marketing or advertising that does not contain information about a specific debt or debts has not communicated under § 1006.2(d), even if the debt collector transmits the marketing or advertising message to a consumer, because the debt collector has not conveyed information regarding a debt."}, {"heading_path": ["2(h) Debt.", "1. Consumer."], "anchor": "2-h-Interp-1", "text": "1. Consumer. Section 1006.2(h) defines debt to mean, in part, any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay money arising out of a transaction. Section 1006.2(e), in turn, defines consumer to mean any natural person obligated or allegedly obligated to pay any debt. Only natural persons, therefore, can incur debts as defined in § 1006.2(h)."}, {"heading_path": ["2(i) Debt collector.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "2-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.2(i) provides, in part, that a debt collector is any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or mail in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due, or asserted to be owed or due, to another. A person who collects or attempts to collect defaulted debts that the person has purchased, but who does not collect or attempt to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due, or asserted to be owed or due, to another, and who does not have a business the principal purpose of which is the collection of debts, is not a debt collector as defined in § 1006.2(i)."}, {"heading_path": ["2(j) Limited-content message.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "2-j-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.2(j) provides that a limited-content message is a voicemail message for a consumer that includes all of the content described in § 1006.2(j)(1), that may include any of the content described in § 1006.2(j)(2), and that includes no other content. Any other message is not a limited-content message. If a voicemail message includes content other than the specific items described in § 1006.2(j)(1) and (2), and such other content directly or indirectly conveys any information about a debt, the message is a communication, as defined in § 1006.2(d). For example, a voicemail message that includes a statement that the message is from a debt collector and a request to speak to a particular consumer is not a limited-content message because it includes more than the required or permitted content."}, {"heading_path": ["2(j) Limited-content message.", "2. Message for a consumer."], "anchor": "2-j-Interp-2", "text": "2. Message for a consumer. Section 1006.2(j) provides, in part, that a limited-content message is a voicemail message for a consumer. A message knowingly left for a third party is not a limited-content message because it is not for a consumer. For example, assume that a debt collector has a telephone number that the debt collector knows belongs to the consumer’s friend. A voicemail message left after calling that number is not a limited-content message, even if the message includes no more than the content described in § 1006.2(j)(1) and (2) because the debt collector knowingly left the message for someone other than the consumer. Other provisions of this part may, in certain circumstances, restrict a debt collector from leaving a limited-content message or otherwise attempting to communicate with a consumer. See §§ 1006.6(b) and (c) and 1006.22(f) and their related commentary for further guidance regarding when a debt collector is prohibited from attempting to communicate with a consumer."}, {"heading_path": ["2(j) Limited-content message.", "3. Meaningful disclosure of identity."], "anchor": "2-j-Interp-3", "text": "3. Meaningful disclosure of identity. A debt collector who leaves only a limited-content message for a consumer does not violate § 1006.14(g)’s requirement to meaningfully disclose the caller’s identity with respect to that voicemail message."}, {"heading_path": ["2(j) Limited-content message.", "2(j)(1) Required content.", "1. Example."], "anchor": "2-j-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Example. The following example illustrates a limited-content message that includes only the content described in § 1006.2(j)(1): “This is Robin Smith calling from ABC Inc. Please contact me or Jim Johnson at 1-800-555-1212.”"}, {"heading_path": ["2(j) Limited-content message.", "2(j)(2) Optional content.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "2-j-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.2(j)(2)(iv) provides that a limited-content message may include a statement that, if the consumer replies, the consumer may speak to any of the company’s representatives or associates. A message that includes a more detailed description of the representative or associate group is not a limited-content message. For example, a reference to an agent with the “credit card receivables group” is not a limited-content message because it includes more than a statement that the consumer’s reply may be answered by a representative or associate."}, {"heading_path": ["2(j) Limited-content message.", "2(j)(2) Optional content.", "2. Example."], "anchor": "2-j-2-Interp-2", "text": "2. Example. The following example illustrates a limited-content message that includes the content described in both § 1006.2(j)(1) and (2): “Hi, this is Robin Smith calling from ABC Inc. It is 4:15 p.m. on Wednesday, September 1. Please contact me or any of our representatives at 1-800-555-1212 today until 6:00 p.m. Eastern time, or any weekday from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Eastern time.”"}]}
{"id": "4afdabb8cf91496e", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-22/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-22", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.22 — Unfair or Unconscionable Means", "description": "The comment for 1006.22 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:02Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:20Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:20Z", "word_count": 466, "char_count": 3022, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.077, "quality_score": 0.92, "content_hash": "f81435965b7ca8c5483d04f23b21269afe55a7309a2ae0d02a9c57a1e4920b7b", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "22(f) Restrictions on use of certain media.\n\nParagraph 22(f)(2).\n\n1. Language or symbol. Section 1006.22(f)(2) provides, in relevant part, that a debt collector must not use any language or symbol, other than the debt collector’s address, on any envelope when communicating with a consumer by mail. For purposes of § 1006.22(f)(2), the phrase “language or symbol” does not include language and symbols that facilitate communications by mail, such as: the debtor’s name and address; postage; language such as “forwarding and address correction requested”; and the United States Postal Service’s Intelligent Mail barcode.\n\nParagraph 22(f)(3).\n\n1. Email addresses described in § 1006.6(d)(4). Section 1006.22(f)(3) generally prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer by sending an email to an email address that the debt collector knows is provided to the consumer by the consumer’s employer. The prohibition does not apply if the debt collector sends the email to an email address described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (iii), which specifically contemplate debt collectors sending emails to any email address—including an email address that a debt collector knows is employer provided—if the consumer has used the email address to communicate with the debt collector about a debt (§ 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(A)), has provided prior consent directly to the debt collector to use the email address (§ 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(B)), or has obtained the email address from a prior debt collector who satisfied either § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii). A debt collector who sends an email to an email address described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii) complies with the prohibition in § 1006.22(f)(3) because the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii) do not permit debt collectors to send emails to email addresses that the debt collector knows are employer provided.\n\nParagraph 22(f)(4).\n\n1. Social media. Section 1006.22(f)(4) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of a debt through a social media platform if the communication or attempt to communicate is viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts. For example, § 1006.22(f)(4) prohibits a debt collector from posting, in connection with the collection of a debt, any message for a person on a social media webpage if that webpage is viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts. Section 1006.22(f)(4) does not prohibit a debt collector from sending a message to a person if the message is not viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts. Section 1006.6(b) or § 1006.14(h) nonetheless may prohibit the debt collector from sending such a message, and a debt collector who communicates by sending such a message about the debt to the wrong person violates § 1006.6(d)(1). See also comment 18(d)–1 with respect to communications and attempts to communicate with consumers and third parties on social media platforms.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["22(f) Restrictions on use of certain media.", "Paragraph 22(f)(2).", "1. Language or symbol."], "anchor": "22-f-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. Language or symbol. Section 1006.22(f)(2) provides, in relevant part, that a debt collector must not use any language or symbol, other than the debt collector’s address, on any envelope when communicating with a consumer by mail. For purposes of § 1006.22(f)(2), the phrase “language or symbol” does not include language and symbols that facilitate communications by mail, such as: the debtor’s name and address; postage; language such as “forwarding and address correction requested”; and the United States Postal Service’s Intelligent Mail barcode."}, {"heading_path": ["22(f) Restrictions on use of certain media.", "Paragraph 22(f)(3).", "1. Email addresses described in § 1006.6(d)(4)"], "anchor": "22-f-3-Interp-1", "text": "1. Email addresses described in § 1006.6(d)(4). Section 1006.22(f)(3) generally prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer by sending an email to an email address that the debt collector knows is provided to the consumer by the consumer’s employer. The prohibition does not apply if the debt collector sends the email to an email address described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (iii), which specifically contemplate debt collectors sending emails to any email address—including an email address that a debt collector knows is employer provided—if the consumer has used the email address to communicate with the debt collector about a debt (§ 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(A)), has provided prior consent directly to the debt collector to use the email address (§ 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(B)), or has obtained the email address from a prior debt collector who satisfied either § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii). A debt collector who sends an email to an email address described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii) complies with the prohibition in § 1006.22(f)(3) because the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii) do not permit debt collectors to send emails to email addresses that the debt collector knows are employer provided."}, {"heading_path": ["22(f) Restrictions on use of certain media.", "Paragraph 22(f)(4).", "1. Social media."], "anchor": "22-f-4-Interp-1", "text": "1. Social media. Section 1006.22(f)(4) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a person in connection with the collection of a debt through a social media platform if the communication or attempt to communicate is viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts. For example, § 1006.22(f)(4) prohibits a debt collector from posting, in connection with the collection of a debt, any message for a person on a social media webpage if that webpage is viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts. Section 1006.22(f)(4) does not prohibit a debt collector from sending a message to a person if the message is not viewable by the general public or the person’s social media contacts. Section 1006.6(b) or § 1006.14(h) nonetheless may prohibit the debt collector from sending such a message, and a debt collector who communicates by sending such a message about the debt to the wrong person violates § 1006.6(d)(1). See also comment 18(d)–1 with respect to communications and attempts to communicate with consumers and third parties on social media platforms."}]}
{"id": "42e53f79afb77567", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-30/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-30", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.30 — Other Prohibited Practices", "description": "The comment for 1006.30 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:03Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:21Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:21Z", "word_count": 893, "char_count": 5706, "reading_time_minutes": 4, "link_density": 0.012, "quality_score": 0.99, "content_hash": "4d244ffcdfa191616cb8c6fac53b8eeb088ba338f565c5a173eeece1278548be", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "30(a) Required actions prior to furnishing information.\n\n30(a)(1) In general.\n\n1. About the debt. Section 1006.30(a)(1) provides, in relevant part, that a debt collector must not furnish to a consumer reporting agency, as defined in section 603(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(f)), information about a debt before taking one of the actions described in § 1006.30(a)(1)(i) or (ii). Each of the actions includes conveying information “about the debt” to the consumer. The validation information required by § 1006.34(c), including such information if provided in a validation notice, is information “about the debt.”\n\n2. Reasonable period of time. Section 1006.30(a)(1)(ii) provides, in relevant part, that a debt collector who places a letter about a debt in the mail, or who sends an electronic message about a debt to the consumer, must wait a reasonable period of time to receive a notice of undeliverability before furnishing information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency. The reasonable period of time begins on the date that the debt collector places the letter in the mail or sends the electronic message. A period of 14 consecutive days after the date that the debt collector places a letter in the mail or sends an electronic message is a reasonable period of time.\n\n3. Notices of undeliverability. Section 1006.30(a)(1)(ii) provides, in relevant part, that, if a debt collector who places a letter about a debt in the mail, or who sends an electronic message about a debt to the consumer, receives a notice of undeliverability during the reasonable period of time, the debt collector must not furnish information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency until the debt collector otherwise satisfies paragraph (a)(1) of this section. A debt collector who does not receive a notice of undeliverability during the reasonable period and who thereafter furnishes information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency does not violate paragraph (a)(1) of this section even if the debt collector subsequently receives a notice of undeliverability. The following examples illustrate the rule:\n\ni. Assume that, on May 1, a debt collector mails the consumer a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A). On May 10, the debt collector receives a notice of undeliverability and, without taking any additional action described in § 1006.30(a)(1), subsequently furnishes information regarding the debt to a consumer reporting agency. The debt collector has violated § 1006.30(a)(1).\n\nii. Assume that, on May 1, a debt collector mails the consumer a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A). On May 10, the debt collector receives a notice of undeliverability. On May 11, the debt collector mails the consumer another validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A). From May 11 to May 24, the debt collector permits receipt of, monitors for, and does not receive, a notice of undeliverability and thereafter furnishes information regarding the debt to a consumer reporting agency. The debt collector has not violated § 1006.30(a)(1).\n\niii. Assume that, on May 1, a debt collector mails the consumer a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A). From May 1 to May 14, the debt collector permits receipt of, monitors for, and does not receive, a notice of undeliverability and thereafter furnishes information regarding the debt to a consumer reporting agency. After furnishing the information, the debt collector receives a notice of undeliverability. The debt collector has not violated § 1006.30(a)(1) and, without taking any further action, may furnish additional information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency.\n\n30(b) Prohibition on the sale, transfer for consideration, or placement for collection of certain debts.\n\n30(b)(1) In general.\n\n1. Transfer for consideration. Section 1006.30(b)(1) prohibits, among other things, a debt collector from transferring for consideration a debt that has been paid or settled or discharged in bankruptcy. A debt collector transfers a debt for consideration when the debt collector receives or expects to receive compensation for the transfer of the debt. A debt collector does not transfer a debt for consideration when the debt collector sends information about the debt, as opposed to the debt itself, to another party. For example, a debt collector does not transfer a debt for consideration when the debt collector sends a file with data about the debt to another person for analytics, “scrubbing,” or archiving. A debt collector also does not transfer a debt for consideration when the debt collector reports to a credit reporting agency information that a debt has been paid or settled or discharged in bankruptcy.\n\n2. Debt that resulted from identity theft. Section 615(f)(1) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681m(f)(1)) states that no person shall sell, transfer for consideration, or place for collection a debt if such person has been notified under section 605B of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c-2) that the debt has resulted from identity theft. Nothing in § 1006.30(b)(1) alters a debt collector’s obligation to comply with the prohibition set forth in section 615(f)(1) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act.\n\n30(b)(2) Exceptions.\n\n30(b)(2)(i) In general.\n\nParagraph 30(b)(2)(i)(A).\n\n1. In general. Under § 1006.30(b)(2)(i)(A), a debt collector who is collecting a debt described in § 1006.30(b)(1) may transfer the debt to the debt’s owner. However, unless another exception under § 1006.30(b)(2) applies, the debt collector may not transfer the debt or the right to collect the debt to another entity on behalf of the debt owner.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["30(a)(1) In general.", "1. About the debt."], "anchor": "30-a-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. About the debt. Section 1006.30(a)(1) provides, in relevant part, that a debt collector must not furnish to a consumer reporting agency, as defined in section 603(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a(f)), information about a debt before taking one of the actions described in § 1006.30(a)(1)(i) or (ii). Each of the actions includes conveying information “about the debt” to the consumer. The validation information required by § 1006.34(c), including such information if provided in a validation notice, is information “about the debt.”"}, {"heading_path": ["30(a)(1) In general.", "2. Reasonable period of time."], "anchor": "30-a-1-Interp-2", "text": "2. Reasonable period of time. Section 1006.30(a)(1)(ii) provides, in relevant part, that a debt collector who places a letter about a debt in the mail, or who sends an electronic message about a debt to the consumer, must wait a reasonable period of time to receive a notice of undeliverability before furnishing information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency. The reasonable period of time begins on the date that the debt collector places the letter in the mail or sends the electronic message. A period of 14 consecutive days after the date that the debt collector places a letter in the mail or sends an electronic message is a reasonable period of time."}, {"heading_path": ["30(a)(1) In general.", "3. Notices of undeliverability."], "anchor": "30-a-1-Interp-3", "text": "3. Notices of undeliverability. Section 1006.30(a)(1)(ii) provides, in relevant part, that, if a debt collector who places a letter about a debt in the mail, or who sends an electronic message about a debt to the consumer, receives a notice of undeliverability during the reasonable period of time, the debt collector must not furnish information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency until the debt collector otherwise satisfies paragraph (a)(1) of this section. A debt collector who does not receive a notice of undeliverability during the reasonable period and who thereafter furnishes information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency does not violate paragraph (a)(1) of this section even if the debt collector subsequently receives a notice of undeliverability. The following examples illustrate the rule:\n\ni. Assume that, on May 1, a debt collector mails the consumer a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A). On May 10, the debt collector receives a notice of undeliverability and, without taking any additional action described in § 1006.30(a)(1), subsequently furnishes information regarding the debt to a consumer reporting agency. The debt collector has violated § 1006.30(a)(1).\n\nii. Assume that, on May 1, a debt collector mails the consumer a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A). On May 10, the debt collector receives a notice of undeliverability. On May 11, the debt collector mails the consumer another validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A). From May 11 to May 24, the debt collector permits receipt of, monitors for, and does not receive, a notice of undeliverability and thereafter furnishes information regarding the debt to a consumer reporting agency. The debt collector has not violated § 1006.30(a)(1).\n\niii. Assume that, on May 1, a debt collector mails the consumer a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A). From May 1 to May 14, the debt collector permits receipt of, monitors for, and does not receive, a notice of undeliverability and thereafter furnishes information regarding the debt to a consumer reporting agency. After furnishing the information, the debt collector receives a notice of undeliverability. The debt collector has not violated § 1006.30(a)(1) and, without taking any further action, may furnish additional information about the debt to a consumer reporting agency."}, {"heading_path": ["30(b) Prohibition on the sale, transfer for consideration, or placement for collection of certain debts.", "30(b)(1) In general.", "1. Transfer for consideration."], "anchor": "30-b-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Transfer for consideration. Section 1006.30(b)(1) prohibits, among other things, a debt collector from transferring for consideration a debt that has been paid or settled or discharged in bankruptcy. A debt collector transfers a debt for consideration when the debt collector receives or expects to receive compensation for the transfer of the debt. A debt collector does not transfer a debt for consideration when the debt collector sends information about the debt, as opposed to the debt itself, to another party. For example, a debt collector does not transfer a debt for consideration when the debt collector sends a file with data about the debt to another person for analytics, “scrubbing,” or archiving. A debt collector also does not transfer a debt for consideration when the debt collector reports to a credit reporting agency information that a debt has been paid or settled or discharged in bankruptcy."}, {"heading_path": ["30(b) Prohibition on the sale, transfer for consideration, or placement for collection of certain debts.", "30(b)(1) In general.", "2. Debt that resulted from identity theft."], "anchor": "30-b-1-Interp-2", "text": "2. Debt that resulted from identity theft. Section 615(f)(1) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681m(f)(1)) states that no person shall sell, transfer for consideration, or place for collection a debt if such person has been notified under section 605B of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681c-2) that the debt has resulted from identity theft. Nothing in § 1006.30(b)(1) alters a debt collector’s obligation to comply with the prohibition set forth in section 615(f)(1) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act."}, {"heading_path": ["30(b) Prohibition on the sale, transfer for consideration, or placement for collection of certain debts.", "Paragraph 30(b)(2)(i)(A).", "1. In general."], "anchor": "30-b-2-i-A-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Under § 1006.30(b)(2)(i)(A), a debt collector who is collecting a debt described in § 1006.30(b)(1) may transfer the debt to the debt’s owner. However, unless another exception under § 1006.30(b)(2) applies, the debt collector may not transfer the debt or the right to collect the debt to another entity on behalf of the debt owner."}]}
{"id": "cbcc851271cb956c", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-34/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-34", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1026.34 - Notice for Validation of Debts", "description": "The comment for 1006.34 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:04Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:22Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:22Z", "word_count": 3830, "char_count": 25216, "reading_time_minutes": 17, "link_density": 0.0, "quality_score": 1.0, "content_hash": "a895967f4f3a2156689b449c1c79cbca5669ce16cc67485456ecd3b3824b4a30", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "34(a) Validation information required.\n\n34(a)(1) In general.\n\n1. Deceased consumers. Section 1006.34(a)(1) generally requires a debt collector to provide the validation information required by § 1006.34(c) either by sending the consumer a validation notice in the manner required by § 1006.42, or by providing the information orally in the debt collector’s initial communication. If the debt collector knows or should know that the consumer is deceased, and if the debt collector has not previously provided the validation information to the deceased consumer, a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate operates as the consumer for purposes of § 1006.34(a)(1). In such circumstances, to comply with § 1006.34(a)(1), a debt collector must provide the validation information to an individual that the debt collector identifies by name who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate.\n\n34(b) Definitions.\n\n34(b)(2) Initial communication.\n\n1. Bankruptcy proofs of claim. Section 1006.34(b)(2) defines initial communication and states that the term does not include a communication in the form of a formal pleading in a civil action. A proof of claim that a debt collector files in a bankruptcy proceeding in accordance with the requirements of the United States Bankruptcy Code (Title 11 of the U.S. Code) is a communication in the form of a formal pleading in a civil action and therefore is not an initial communication for purposes of § 1006.34.\n\n34(b)(3) Itemization date.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.34(b)(3) defines itemization date for purposes of § 1006.34. Section 1006.34(b)(3) states that the itemization date is any one of five reference dates for which a debt collector can ascertain the amount of the debt. The reference dates are the last statement date, the charge-off date, the last payment date, the transaction date, and the judgment date. A debt collector may select any of these dates as the itemization date to comply with § 1006.34. Once a debt collector uses a reference date for a debt in a communication with a consumer, the debt collector must use that reference date for that debt consistently when providing the information required by § 1006.34(c) to that consumer. For example, if a debt collector uses the last statement date to determine and disclose the account number associated with the debt pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(iv), the debt collector may not use the charge-off date to determine and disclose the amount of the debt pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(vii).\n\n2. Subsequent debt collectors. When selecting an itemization date pursuant to § 1006.34(b)(3), a debt collector may use a different reference date than a prior debt collector who attempted to collect the debt.\n\nParagraph 34(b)(3)(i).\n\n1. Last statement date. Under § 1006.34(b)(3)(i), the last statement date is the date of the last periodic statement or written account statement or invoice provided to the consumer by a creditor. For purposes of § 1006.34(b)(3)(i), the last statement may be provided by a creditor or a third party acting on the creditor’s behalf, including a creditor’s service provider. However, a statement or invoice provided by a debt collector is not a last statement for purposes of § 1006.34(b)(3)(i), unless the debt collector is also a creditor.\n\nParagraph 34(b)(3)(iii).\n\n1. Last payment date. Under § 1006.34(b)(3)(iii), the last payment date is the date the last payment was applied to the debt. A third-party payment applied to the debt, such as a payment from an auto repossession agent or an insurance company, can be a last payment for purposes of § 1006.34(b)(3)(iii).\n\nParagraph 34(b)(3)(iv).\n\n1. Transaction date. Section 1006.34(b)(3)(iv) provides that the itemization date may be the date of the transaction that gave rise to the debt. The transaction date is the date that the good or service that gave rise to the debt was provided or made available to the consumer. For example, the transaction date for a debt arising from a medical procedure may be the date the medical procedure was performed, and the transaction date for a consumer’s gym membership may be the date the membership contract was executed. In some cases, a debt may have more than one transaction date. This could occur, for example, if a contract for a service is executed on one date and the service is performed on another date. If a debt has more than one transaction date, a debt collector may use any such date as the transaction date for purposes of § 1006.34(b)(3)(iv), but the debt collector must use whichever transaction date is selected consistently, as described in comment 34(b)(3)–1.\n\n34(b)(5) Validation period.\n\n1. Assumed receipt of validation information. Section 1006.34(b)(5) defines the validation period as the period starting on the date that a debt collector provides the validation information required by § 1006.34(c) and ending 30 days after the consumer receives or is assumed to receive it. Section 1006.34(c)(3)(i) through (iii) requires statements that specify the end date of the validation period. If a debt collector provides the validation information in writing or electronically, then, at the time that the debt collector calculates the validation period end date, the debt collector will know only the date on which the consumer is assumed to receive the validation information. In such cases, the debt collector may use that date to calculate the validation period end date even if the debt collector later learns that the consumer received the validation information on a different date.\n\n2. Updated validation period. If a debt collector sends a subsequent validation notice to a consumer because the consumer did not receive the original validation notice and the consumer has not otherwise received the validation information required by § 1006.34(c), the debt collector must calculate the end date of the validation period specified in the § 1006.34(c)(3) disclosures based on the date the consumer receives or is assumed to receive the subsequent validation notice. For example, assume a debt collector sends a consumer a validation notice on January 1, and that notice is returned as undeliverable. After obtaining accurate location information, the debt collector sends the consumer a subsequent validation notice on January 15. Pursuant to § 1006.34(b)(5), the end date of the validation period specified in the § 1006.34(c)(3) disclosures is based on the date the consumer receives or is assumed to receive the validation notice sent on January 15.\n\n34(c) Validation information.\n\n34(c)(1) Debt collector communication disclosure.\n\n1. Statement required by § 1006.18(e). Section 1006.34(c)(1) provides that validation information includes the statement required by § 1006.18(e). Section 1006.18(e)(1) requires a debt collector to disclose in its initial communication that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose. Section 1006.18(e)(2) requires a debt collector to disclose in each subsequent communication that the communication is from a debt collector. A debt collector who provides a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A) complies with § 1006.34(c)(1) by providing on the validation notice the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1). A debt collector who provides a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(B) complies with § 1006.34(c)(1) by providing either the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1) or the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(2). The following example illustrates the rule:\n\ni. ABC debt collector has an initial communication with the consumer by telephone. Within five days of that initial communication, ABC debt collector sends the consumer a validation notice using Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part. ABC debt collector has complied with § 1006.34(c)(1) even though Model Form B–1 includes the disclosure described in § 1006.18(e)(1) rather than the disclosure described in § 1006.18(e)(2).\n\n34(c)(2) Information about the debt.\n\nParagraph 34(c)(2)(i).\n\n1. Debt collector’s name. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(i) provides, in part, that validation information includes the debt collector’s name. A debt collector may disclose its trade or doing-business-as name, instead of its legal name.\n\n2. Debt collector’s mailing address. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(i) provides, in part, that validation information includes the mailing address at which the debt collector accepts disputes and requests for original-creditor information. A debt collector may disclose a vendor’s mailing address, if that is an address at which the debt collector accepts disputes and requests for original-creditor information.\n\nParagraph 34(c)(2)(ii).\n\n1. Consumer’s name. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(ii) provides, in part, that validation information includes the consumer’s name. To satisfy the requirement to provide this validation information, a debt collector must disclose the version of the consumer’s name that the debt collector reasonably determines is the most complete and accurate version of the name about which the debt collector has knowledge. A debt collector does not disclose the most complete and accurate version of the consumer’s name if the debt collector omits known name information in a manner that creates a false, misleading, or confusing impression about the consumer’s identity. For example, assume the creditor provides the consumer’s first name, middle name, last name, and name suffix to the debt collector. In this scenario, the debt collector would reasonably determine that the most complete and accurate version of the consumer’s name about which the debt collector has knowledge includes the first name, middle name, last name, and name suffix. If the debt collector omits any of this information, the debt collector has not satisfied the requirement to provide the consumer’s name pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(ii).\n\nParagraph 34(c)(2)(iii).\n\n1. Creditor’s name. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(iii) provides that, if a debt collector is collecting debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f), validation information includes the name of the creditor to whom the debt was owed on the itemization date. Pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(iii), a debt collector may disclose this creditor’s trade or doing-business-as name, instead of its legal name.\n\nParagraph 34(c)(2)(iv).\n\n1. Account number truncation. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(iv) provides that validation information includes the account number, if any, associated with the debt on the itemization date, or a truncated version of that number. If a debt collector uses a truncated account number, the account number must remain recognizable. For example, a debt collector may truncate a credit card account number so that only the last four digits are provided.\n\nParagraph 34(c)(2)(v).\n\n1. Creditor’s name. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(v) provides that validation information includes the name of the creditor to whom the debt currently is owed. A debt collector may disclose this creditor’s trade or doing-business-as name, instead of its legal name.\n\nParagraph 34(c)(2)(vii).\n\n1. Amount of the debt on the itemization date. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(vii) provides that validation information includes the amount of the debt on the itemization date. The amount of the debt on the itemization date includes any fees, interest, or other charges owed as of that date.\n\nParagraph 34(c)(2)(viii).\n\n1. Itemization of the debt. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(viii) provides that validation information includes an itemization of the current amount of the debt reflecting interest, fees, payments, and credits since the itemization date. If providing a validation notice, a debt collector must include fields in the notice for all of these items even if none of the items have been assessed or applied to the debt since the itemization date. A debt collector may indicate that the value of a required field is “0,” “none,” or may state that no interest, fees, payments, or credits have been assessed or applied to the debt; a debt collector may not leave a required field blank.\n\n2. Itemization required by other applicable law. If a debt collector is required by other applicable law to provide an itemization of the current amount of the debt with the validation information, the debt collector may comply with § 1006.34(c)(2)(viii) by disclosing the itemization required by other applicable law in lieu of the itemization described in § 1006.34(c)(2)(viii), if the itemization required by other applicable law is substantially similar to the itemization that appears on Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part.\n\n3. Itemization on a separate page. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(viii) provides that a debt collector may disclose the itemization of the current amount of the debt on a separate page provided in the same communication with a validation notice if the debt collector includes on the validation notice, where the itemization would have appeared, a statement referring to that separate page. A debt collector may comply with the requirement to refer to the separate page by, for example, including on the validation notice the statement, “See the enclosed separate page for an itemization of the debt,” situated next to the information about the current amount of the debt required by § 1006.34(c)(2)(ix).\n\n4. Debt collectors collecting multiple debts. A debt collector who combines multiple debts on a single validation notice complies with § 1006.34(c)(2)(viii) by disclosing either a single, cumulative itemization on the validation notice or a separate itemization of each debt on a separate page or pages provided in the same communication as the validation notice.\n\nParagraph 34(c)(2)(ix).\n\n1. Current amount of the debt. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(ix) provides that validation information includes the current amount of the debt (i.e., the amount as of when the validation information is provided). For residential mortgage debt subject to Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41, a debt collector may comply with the requirement to provide the current amount of the debt by providing the consumer the total balance of the outstanding mortgage, including principal, interest, fees, and other charges.\n\n2. Debt collectors collecting multiple debts. A debt collector who combines multiple debts on a single validation notice complies with § 1006.34(c)(2)(ix) by disclosing on the validation notice a single cumulative figure that is the sum of the current amount of all the debts.\n\n34(c)(3) Information about consumer protections.\n\nParagraph 34(c)(3)(v).\n\n1. Electronic communication media. Section 1006.34(c)(3)(v) provides that, if the debt collector provides the validation notice electronically, validation information includes a statement explaining how a consumer can, as described in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section, dispute the debt or request original-creditor information electronically. A debt collector may provide the information required by § 1006.34(c)(3)(v) by including the statements, “We accept disputes electronically at,” using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase, followed by an email address or website portal that a consumer can use to take the action described in § 1006.34(c)(4)(i), and “We accept original creditor information requests electronically,” using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase, followed by an email address or website portal that a consumer can use to take the action described in § 1006.34(c)(4)(ii). If a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers through more than one medium, such as by email and through a website portal, the debt collector is required to provide information regarding only one of these media but may provide information on any additional media.\n\n34(c)(4) Consumer-response information.\n\n1. Prompts. If the validation information is provided in writing or electronically, a prompt required by § 1006.34(c)(4) may be formatted as a checkbox as in Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part.\n\n34(c)(5) Special rule for certain residential mortgage debt.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.34(c)(5) provides that, for residential mortgage debt, if a periodic statement is required under Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41, at the time a debt collector provides the validation notice, a debt collector need not provide the validation information required by § 1006.34(c)(2)(vi) through (viii) if the debt collector provides the consumer, in the same communication with the validation notice, a copy of the most recent periodic statement provided to the consumer under 12 CFR 1026.41(b), and the debt collector includes on the validation notice, where the validation information required by paragraphs (c)(2)(vi) through (viii) of this section would have appeared, a statement referring to that periodic statement. A debt collector may comply with the requirement to refer to the periodic statement in the validation notice by, for example, including on the validation notice the statement, “See the enclosed periodic statement for an itemization of the debt.”\n\n34(d) Form of validation information.\n\n34(d)(2) Safe harbor.\n\n1. In general. A debt collector who provides a validation notice that is neither a notice described in § 1006.34(d)(2)(i) or (ii), nor a substantially similar notice as described in § 1006.34(d)(2)(iii), does not receive a safe harbor for compliance with the information and form requirements of § 1006.34(c) and (d)(1).\n\n34(d)(2)(i) In general.\n\n1. Disclosure required by § 1006.18(e). Section 1006.18(e)(1) requires a debt collector to disclose in its initial communication that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose. Section 1006.18(e)(2) requires a debt collector to disclose in each subsequent communication that the communication is from a debt collector. Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part includes the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1). A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 to provide a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(B) may replace the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1) with the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(2) without losing the safe harbor described in § 1006.34(d)(2). See comment 34(c)(1)–1 for further guidance related to providing the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e) on a validation notice.\n\n34(d)(2)(iii) Substantially similar form.\n\n1. Substantially similar form. Pursuant to § 1006.34(d)(2)(iii), a debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 as described in § 1006.34(d)(2)(i) may make changes to the form and retain the safe harbor for compliance with the information and form requirements of § 1006.34(c) and (d)(1) provided that the form remains substantially similar in substance, clarity, and meaningful sequence to Model Form B–1. Permissible changes include, for example:\n\ni. Modifications to remove language that could suggest liability for the debt if such language is not applicable. For example, if a debt collector sends a validation notice to a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate (see comment 34(a)(1)–1), and that person is not liable for the debt, the debt collector may use the name of the deceased consumer instead of “you”;\n\nii. Relocating the consumer-response information required by § 1006.34(c)(4) to facilitate mailing;\n\niii. Adding barcodes or QR codes, as long as the inclusion of such items does not violate § 1006.38(b);\n\niv. Adding the date the form is generated; and\n\nv. Embedding hyperlinks, if delivering the form electronically.\n\n34(d)(3) Optional disclosures.\n\n34(d)(3)(i) Telephone contact information.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(i) permits a debt collector to include telephone contact information. Telephone contact information may include, for example, a telephone number as well as the times that the debt collector accepts consumer telephone calls.\n\n34(d)(3)(iv) Disclosures under applicable law.\n\n34(d)(3)(iv)(A) Disclosures on the reverse of the validation notice.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(A) permits, in relevant part, a debt collector to include on the reverse of the validation notice any disclosures that are specifically required by, or that provide safe harbors under, applicable law. If a debt collector provides a validation notice in the body of an email, the debt collector may, in lieu of including the disclosures permitted by § 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(A) on the reverse of the validation notice, include them in the same communication below the content of the validation notice. Disclosures permitted by § 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(A) include, for example, specific disclosures required by Federal, State, or municipal statutes or regulations, and specific disclosures required by judicial or administrative decisions or orders, including administrative consent orders. Such disclosures could include, for example, time-barred debt disclosures and disclosures that the current amount of the debt may increase or vary due to interest, fees, or other charges, provided that such disclosures are specifically required by applicable law.\n\n2. Statement referring to disclosures. If a debt collector includes disclosures pursuant to § 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(A), the debt collector must include a statement on the front of the validation notice referring to those disclosures. A debt collector may comply with the requirement to refer to the disclosures by including on the front of the validation notice the statement, “Notice: See reverse side for important information,” or a substantially similar statement. If, as permitted by comment 34(d)(3)(iv)(A)–1, a debt collector places the disclosures below the content of the validation notice, the debt collector may comply with the requirement to refer to the disclosures by stating, “Notice: See below for important information,” or a substantially similar statement.\n\n34(d)(3)(iv)(B) Disclosures on the front of the validation notice.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(B) provides, in relevant part that, if a debt collector is collecting time-barred debt, the debt collector may include on the front of the validation notice any time-barred debt disclosure that is specifically required by, or that provides a safe harbor under, applicable law, provided that applicable law specifies the content of the disclosure. For example, if applicable State law requires a debt collector who is collecting time-barred debt to disclose to the consumer that the law limits how long a consumer can be sued on a debt and that the debt collector cannot or will not sue the consumer to collect it, the debt collector may include that disclosure on the front of the validation notice. See § 1006.26(a)(2) for the definition of time-barred debt. For purposes of § 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(B), time-barred debt disclosures may include disclosures about revival of debt collectors’ right to bring a legal action to enforce the debt.\n\n34(d)(3)(vi) Spanish-language translation disclosures.\n\nParagraph 34(d)(3)(vi)(A).\n\n1. Supplemental information in Spanish. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(vi)(A) permits a debt collector to include supplemental information in Spanish that specifies how a consumer may request a Spanish-language validation notice. For example, a debt collector may include a statement in Spanish that a consumer can request a Spanish-language validation notice by telephone or email, if the debt collector accepts consumer requests through those communication media.\n\nParagraph 34(d)(3)(vii).\n\n1. Merchant brand. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(vii) permits a debt collector to include the merchant brand, if any, associated with debt. For example, assume that a debt collector is attempting to collect a consumer’s credit card debt. The credit card was issued by ABC Bank and was co-branded XYZ Store. “XYZ Store” is the merchant brand.\n\n2. Affinity brand. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(vii) permits a debt collector to include the affinity brand, if any, associated with the debt. For example, assume that a debt collector is attempting to collect a consumer’s credit card debt. The credit card was issued by ABC Bank, and the logo for the College of Columbia appears on the credit card. “College of Columbia” is the affinity brand.\n\n3. Facility name. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(vii) permits a debt collector to include the facility name, if any, associated with the debt. For example, assume that a debt collector is attempting to collect a consumer’s medical debt. The medical debt relates to a treatment that the consumer received at ABC Hospital. “ABC Hospital” is the facility name.\n\n34(e) Translation into other languages.\n\n1. Safe harbor for complete and accurate translation. Section 1006.34(e) provides, among other things, that, if a debt collector sends a consumer a validation notice translated into a language other than English, the translation must be complete and accurate. The language of a validation notice that a debt collector obtains from the Bureau’s website is considered a complete and accurate translation. Debt collectors are permitted to use other validation notice translations if they are complete and accurate.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["34(a)(1) In general.", "1. Deceased consumers."], "anchor": "34-a-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Deceased consumers. Section 1006.34(a)(1) generally requires a debt collector to provide the validation information required by § 1006.34(c) either by sending the consumer a validation notice in the manner required by § 1006.42, or by providing the information orally in the debt collector’s initial communication. If the debt collector knows or should know that the consumer is deceased, and if the debt collector has not previously provided the validation information to the deceased consumer, a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate operates as the consumer for purposes of § 1006.34(a)(1). In such circumstances, to comply with § 1006.34(a)(1), a debt collector must provide the validation information to an individual that the debt collector identifies by name who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate."}, {"heading_path": ["34(b)(2) Initial communication.", "1. Bankruptcy proofs of claim."], "anchor": "34-b-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. Bankruptcy proofs of claim. Section 1006.34(b)(2) defines initial communication and states that the term does not include a communication in the form of a formal pleading in a civil action. A proof of claim that a debt collector files in a bankruptcy proceeding in accordance with the requirements of the United States Bankruptcy Code (Title 11 of the U.S. Code) is a communication in the form of a formal pleading in a civil action and therefore is not an initial communication for purposes of § 1006.34."}, {"heading_path": ["34(b)(3) Itemization date.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "34-b-3-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.34(b)(3) defines itemization date for purposes of § 1006.34. Section 1006.34(b)(3) states that the itemization date is any one of five reference dates for which a debt collector can ascertain the amount of the debt. The reference dates are the last statement date, the charge-off date, the last payment date, the transaction date, and the judgment date. A debt collector may select any of these dates as the itemization date to comply with § 1006.34. Once a debt collector uses a reference date for a debt in a communication with a consumer, the debt collector must use that reference date for that debt consistently when providing the information required by § 1006.34(c) to that consumer. For example, if a debt collector uses the last statement date to determine and disclose the account number associated with the debt pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(iv), the debt collector may not use the charge-off date to determine and disclose the amount of the debt pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(vii)."}, {"heading_path": ["34(b)(3) Itemization date.", "2. Subsequent debt collectors."], "anchor": "34-b-3-Interp-2", "text": "2. Subsequent debt collectors. When selecting an itemization date pursuant to § 1006.34(b)(3), a debt collector may use a different reference date than a prior debt collector who attempted to collect the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(b)(3)(i).", "1. Last statement date."], "anchor": "34-b-3-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. Last statement date. Under § 1006.34(b)(3)(i), the last statement date is the date of the last periodic statement or written account statement or invoice provided to the consumer by a creditor. For purposes of § 1006.34(b)(3)(i), the last statement may be provided by a creditor or a third party acting on the creditor’s behalf, including a creditor’s service provider. However, a statement or invoice provided by a debt collector is not a last statement for purposes of § 1006.34(b)(3)(i), unless the debt collector is also a creditor."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(b)(3)(iii).", "1. Last payment date."], "anchor": "34-b-3-iii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Last payment date. Under § 1006.34(b)(3)(iii), the last payment date is the date the last payment was applied to the debt. A third-party payment applied to the debt, such as a payment from an auto repossession agent or an insurance company, can be a last payment for purposes of § 1006.34(b)(3)(iii)."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(b)(3)(iv).", "1. Transaction date."], "anchor": "34-b-3-iv-Interp-1", "text": "1. Transaction date. Section 1006.34(b)(3)(iv) provides that the itemization date may be the date of the transaction that gave rise to the debt. The transaction date is the date that the good or service that gave rise to the debt was provided or made available to the consumer. For example, the transaction date for a debt arising from a medical procedure may be the date the medical procedure was performed, and the transaction date for a consumer’s gym membership may be the date the membership contract was executed. In some cases, a debt may have more than one transaction date. This could occur, for example, if a contract for a service is executed on one date and the service is performed on another date. If a debt has more than one transaction date, a debt collector may use any such date as the transaction date for purposes of § 1006.34(b)(3)(iv), but the debt collector must use whichever transaction date is selected consistently, as described in comment 34(b)(3)–1."}, {"heading_path": ["34(b)(5) Validation period.", "1. Assumed receipt of validation information."], "anchor": "34-b-5-Interp-1", "text": "1. Assumed receipt of validation information. Section 1006.34(b)(5) defines the validation period as the period starting on the date that a debt collector provides the validation information required by § 1006.34(c) and ending 30 days after the consumer receives or is assumed to receive it. Section 1006.34(c)(3)(i) through (iii) requires statements that specify the end date of the validation period. If a debt collector provides the validation information in writing or electronically, then, at the time that the debt collector calculates the validation period end date, the debt collector will know only the date on which the consumer is assumed to receive the validation information. In such cases, the debt collector may use that date to calculate the validation period end date even if the debt collector later learns that the consumer received the validation information on a different date."}, {"heading_path": ["34(b)(5) Validation period.", "2. Updated validation period."], "anchor": "34-b-5-Interp-2", "text": "2. Updated validation period. If a debt collector sends a subsequent validation notice to a consumer because the consumer did not receive the original validation notice and the consumer has not otherwise received the validation information required by § 1006.34(c), the debt collector must calculate the end date of the validation period specified in the § 1006.34(c)(3) disclosures based on the date the consumer receives or is assumed to receive the subsequent validation notice. For example, assume a debt collector sends a consumer a validation notice on January 1, and that notice is returned as undeliverable. After obtaining accurate location information, the debt collector sends the consumer a subsequent validation notice on January 15. Pursuant to § 1006.34(b)(5), the end date of the validation period specified in the § 1006.34(c)(3) disclosures is based on the date the consumer receives or is assumed to receive the validation notice sent on January 15."}, {"heading_path": ["34(c)(1) Debt collector communication disclosure.", "1. Statement required by § 1006.18(e)."], "anchor": "34-c-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Statement required by § 1006.18(e). Section 1006.34(c)(1) provides that validation information includes the statement required by § 1006.18(e). Section 1006.18(e)(1) requires a debt collector to disclose in its initial communication that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose. Section 1006.18(e)(2) requires a debt collector to disclose in each subsequent communication that the communication is from a debt collector. A debt collector who provides a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(A) complies with § 1006.34(c)(1) by providing on the validation notice the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1). A debt collector who provides a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(B) complies with § 1006.34(c)(1) by providing either the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1) or the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(2). The following example illustrates the rule:\n\ni. ABC debt collector has an initial communication with the consumer by telephone. Within five days of that initial communication, ABC debt collector sends the consumer a validation notice using Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part. ABC debt collector has complied with § 1006.34(c)(1) even though Model Form B–1 includes the disclosure described in § 1006.18(e)(1) rather than the disclosure described in § 1006.18(e)(2)."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(i)."], "anchor": null, "text": "1. Debt collector’s name. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(i) provides, in part, that validation information includes the debt collector’s name. A debt collector may disclose its trade or doing-business-as name, instead of its legal name."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(i).", "2. Debt collector’s mailing address."], "anchor": "34-c-2-i-Interp-2", "text": "2. Debt collector’s mailing address. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(i) provides, in part, that validation information includes the mailing address at which the debt collector accepts disputes and requests for original-creditor information. A debt collector may disclose a vendor’s mailing address, if that is an address at which the debt collector accepts disputes and requests for original-creditor information."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(ii).", "1. Consumer’s name."], "anchor": "34-c-2-ii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Consumer’s name. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(ii) provides, in part, that validation information includes the consumer’s name. To satisfy the requirement to provide this validation information, a debt collector must disclose the version of the consumer’s name that the debt collector reasonably determines is the most complete and accurate version of the name about which the debt collector has knowledge. A debt collector does not disclose the most complete and accurate version of the consumer’s name if the debt collector omits known name information in a manner that creates a false, misleading, or confusing impression about the consumer’s identity. For example, assume the creditor provides the consumer’s first name, middle name, last name, and name suffix to the debt collector. In this scenario, the debt collector would reasonably determine that the most complete and accurate version of the consumer’s name about which the debt collector has knowledge includes the first name, middle name, last name, and name suffix. If the debt collector omits any of this information, the debt collector has not satisfied the requirement to provide the consumer’s name pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(ii)."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(iii).", "1. Creditor’s name."], "anchor": "34-c-2-iii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Creditor’s name. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(iii) provides that, if a debt collector is collecting debt related to a consumer financial product or service as defined in § 1006.2(f), validation information includes the name of the creditor to whom the debt was owed on the itemization date. Pursuant to § 1006.34(c)(2)(iii), a debt collector may disclose this creditor’s trade or doing-business-as name, instead of its legal name."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(iv).", "1. Account number truncation."], "anchor": "34-c-2-iv-Interp-1", "text": "1. Account number truncation. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(iv) provides that validation information includes the account number, if any, associated with the debt on the itemization date, or a truncated version of that number. If a debt collector uses a truncated account number, the account number must remain recognizable. For example, a debt collector may truncate a credit card account number so that only the last four digits are provided."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(v).", "1. Creditor’s name."], "anchor": "34-c-2-v-Interp-1", "text": "1. Creditor’s name. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(v) provides that validation information includes the name of the creditor to whom the debt currently is owed. A debt collector may disclose this creditor’s trade or doing-business-as name, instead of its legal name."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(vii).", "1. Amount of the debt on the itemization date."], "anchor": "34-c-2-vii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Amount of the debt on the itemization date. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(vii) provides that validation information includes the amount of the debt on the itemization date. The amount of the debt on the itemization date includes any fees, interest, or other charges owed as of that date."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(viii).", "1. Itemization of the debt."], "anchor": "34-c-2-viii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Itemization of the debt. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(viii) provides that validation information includes an itemization of the current amount of the debt reflecting interest, fees, payments, and credits since the itemization date. If providing a validation notice, a debt collector must include fields in the notice for all of these items even if none of the items have been assessed or applied to the debt since the itemization date. A debt collector may indicate that the value of a required field is “0,” “none,” or may state that no interest, fees, payments, or credits have been assessed or applied to the debt; a debt collector may not leave a required field blank."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(viii).", "2. Itemization required by other applicable law."], "anchor": "34-c-2-viii-Interp-2", "text": "2. Itemization required by other applicable law. If a debt collector is required by other applicable law to provide an itemization of the current amount of the debt with the validation information, the debt collector may comply with § 1006.34(c)(2)(viii) by disclosing the itemization required by other applicable law in lieu of the itemization described in § 1006.34(c)(2)(viii), if the itemization required by other applicable law is substantially similar to the itemization that appears on Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(viii).", "3. Itemization on a separate page."], "anchor": "34-c-2-viii-Interp-3", "text": "3. Itemization on a separate page. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(viii) provides that a debt collector may disclose the itemization of the current amount of the debt on a separate page provided in the same communication with a validation notice if the debt collector includes on the validation notice, where the itemization would have appeared, a statement referring to that separate page. A debt collector may comply with the requirement to refer to the separate page by, for example, including on the validation notice the statement, “See the enclosed separate page for an itemization of the debt,” situated next to the information about the current amount of the debt required by § 1006.34(c)(2)(ix)."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(viii).", "4. Debt collectors collecting multiple debts."], "anchor": "34-c-2-viii-Interp-4", "text": "4. Debt collectors collecting multiple debts. A debt collector who combines multiple debts on a single validation notice complies with § 1006.34(c)(2)(viii) by disclosing either a single, cumulative itemization on the validation notice or a separate itemization of each debt on a separate page or pages provided in the same communication as the validation notice."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(ix).", "1. Current amount of the debt."], "anchor": "34-c-2-ix-Interp-1", "text": "1. Current amount of the debt. Section 1006.34(c)(2)(ix) provides that validation information includes the current amount of the debt (i.e., the amount as of when the validation information is provided). For residential mortgage debt subject to Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41, a debt collector may comply with the requirement to provide the current amount of the debt by providing the consumer the total balance of the outstanding mortgage, including principal, interest, fees, and other charges."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(2)(ix).", "2. Debt collectors collecting multiple debts."], "anchor": "34-c-2-ix-Interp-2", "text": "2. Debt collectors collecting multiple debts. A debt collector who combines multiple debts on a single validation notice complies with § 1006.34(c)(2)(ix) by disclosing on the validation notice a single cumulative figure that is the sum of the current amount of all the debts."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(c)(3)(v).", "1. Electronic communication media."], "anchor": "34-c-3-v-Interp-1", "text": "1. Electronic communication media. Section 1006.34(c)(3)(v) provides that, if the debt collector provides the validation notice electronically, validation information includes a statement explaining how a consumer can, as described in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section, dispute the debt or request original-creditor information electronically. A debt collector may provide the information required by § 1006.34(c)(3)(v) by including the statements, “We accept disputes electronically at,” using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase, followed by an email address or website portal that a consumer can use to take the action described in § 1006.34(c)(4)(i), and “We accept original creditor information requests electronically,” using that phrase or a substantially similar phrase, followed by an email address or website portal that a consumer can use to take the action described in § 1006.34(c)(4)(ii). If a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers through more than one medium, such as by email and through a website portal, the debt collector is required to provide information regarding only one of these media but may provide information on any additional media."}, {"heading_path": ["34(c)(4) Consumer-response information.", "1. Prompts."], "anchor": "34-c-4-Interp-1", "text": "1. Prompts. If the validation information is provided in writing or electronically, a prompt required by § 1006.34(c)(4) may be formatted as a checkbox as in Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part."}, {"heading_path": ["34(c)(5) Special rule for certain residential mortgage debt.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "34-c-5-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.34(c)(5) provides that, for residential mortgage debt, if a periodic statement is required under Regulation Z, 12 CFR 1026.41, at the time a debt collector provides the validation notice, a debt collector need not provide the validation information required by § 1006.34(c)(2)(vi) through (viii) if the debt collector provides the consumer, in the same communication with the validation notice, a copy of the most recent periodic statement provided to the consumer under 12 CFR 1026.41(b), and the debt collector includes on the validation notice, where the validation information required by paragraphs (c)(2)(vi) through (viii) of this section would have appeared, a statement referring to that periodic statement. A debt collector may comply with the requirement to refer to the periodic statement in the validation notice by, for example, including on the validation notice the statement, “See the enclosed periodic statement for an itemization of the debt.”"}, {"heading_path": ["34(d)(2) Safe harbor.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "34-d-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. A debt collector who provides a validation notice that is neither a notice described in § 1006.34(d)(2)(i) or (ii), nor a substantially similar notice as described in § 1006.34(d)(2)(iii), does not receive a safe harbor for compliance with the information and form requirements of § 1006.34(c) and (d)(1)."}, {"heading_path": ["34(d)(2)(i) In general.", "1. Disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)."], "anchor": "34-d-2-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. Disclosure required by § 1006.18(e). Section 1006.18(e)(1) requires a debt collector to disclose in its initial communication that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose. Section 1006.18(e)(2) requires a debt collector to disclose in each subsequent communication that the communication is from a debt collector. Model Form B–1 in appendix B to this part includes the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1). A debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 to provide a validation notice as described in § 1006.34(a)(1)(i)(B) may replace the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(1) with the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e)(2) without losing the safe harbor described in § 1006.34(d)(2). See comment 34(c)(1)–1 for further guidance related to providing the disclosure required by § 1006.18(e) on a validation notice."}, {"heading_path": ["34(d)(2)(iii) Substantially similar form.", "1. Substantially similar form."], "anchor": "34-d-2-iii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Substantially similar form. Pursuant to § 1006.34(d)(2)(iii), a debt collector who uses Model Form B–1 as described in § 1006.34(d)(2)(i) may make changes to the form and retain the safe harbor for compliance with the information and form requirements of § 1006.34(c) and (d)(1) provided that the form remains substantially similar in substance, clarity, and meaningful sequence to Model Form B–1. Permissible changes include, for example:\n\ni. Modifications to remove language that could suggest liability for the debt if such language is not applicable. For example, if a debt collector sends a validation notice to a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate (see comment 34(a)(1)–1), and that person is not liable for the debt, the debt collector may use the name of the deceased consumer instead of “you”;\n\nii. Relocating the consumer-response information required by § 1006.34(c)(4) to facilitate mailing;\n\niii. Adding barcodes or QR codes, as long as the inclusion of such items does not violate § 1006.38(b);\n\niv. Adding the date the form is generated; and\n\nv. Embedding hyperlinks, if delivering the form electronically."}, {"heading_path": ["34(d)(3)(i) Telephone contact information.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "34-d-3-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(i) permits a debt collector to include telephone contact information. Telephone contact information may include, for example, a telephone number as well as the times that the debt collector accepts consumer telephone calls."}, {"heading_path": ["34(d)(3)(iv)(A) Disclosures on the reverse of the validation notice.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "34-d-3-iv-A-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(A) permits, in relevant part, a debt collector to include on the reverse of the validation notice any disclosures that are specifically required by, or that provide safe harbors under, applicable law. If a debt collector provides a validation notice in the body of an email, the debt collector may, in lieu of including the disclosures permitted by § 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(A) on the reverse of the validation notice, include them in the same communication below the content of the validation notice. Disclosures permitted by § 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(A) include, for example, specific disclosures required by Federal, State, or municipal statutes or regulations, and specific disclosures required by judicial or administrative decisions or orders, including administrative consent orders. Such disclosures could include, for example, time-barred debt disclosures and disclosures that the current amount of the debt may increase or vary due to interest, fees, or other charges, provided that such disclosures are specifically required by applicable law."}, {"heading_path": ["34(d)(3)(iv)(A) Disclosures on the reverse of the validation notice.", "2. Statement referring to disclosures."], "anchor": "34-d-3-iv-A-Interp-2", "text": "2. Statement referring to disclosures. If a debt collector includes disclosures pursuant to § 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(A), the debt collector must include a statement on the front of the validation notice referring to those disclosures. A debt collector may comply with the requirement to refer to the disclosures by including on the front of the validation notice the statement, “Notice: See reverse side for important information,” or a substantially similar statement. If, as permitted by comment 34(d)(3)(iv)(A)–1, a debt collector places the disclosures below the content of the validation notice, the debt collector may comply with the requirement to refer to the disclosures by stating, “Notice: See below for important information,” or a substantially similar statement."}, {"heading_path": ["34(d)(3)(iv)(B) Disclosures on the front of the validation notice.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "34-d-3-iv-B-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(B) provides, in relevant part that, if a debt collector is collecting time-barred debt, the debt collector may include on the front of the validation notice any time-barred debt disclosure that is specifically required by, or that provides a safe harbor under, applicable law, provided that applicable law specifies the content of the disclosure. For example, if applicable State law requires a debt collector who is collecting time-barred debt to disclose to the consumer that the law limits how long a consumer can be sued on a debt and that the debt collector cannot or will not sue the consumer to collect it, the debt collector may include that disclosure on the front of the validation notice. See § 1006.26(a)(2) for the definition of time-barred debt. For purposes of § 1006.34(d)(3)(iv)(B), time-barred debt disclosures may include disclosures about revival of debt collectors’ right to bring a legal action to enforce the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(d)(3)(vi)(A).", "1. Supplemental information in Spanish."], "anchor": "34-d-3-vi-A-Interp-1", "text": "1. Supplemental information in Spanish. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(vi)(A) permits a debt collector to include supplemental information in Spanish that specifies how a consumer may request a Spanish-language validation notice. For example, a debt collector may include a statement in Spanish that a consumer can request a Spanish-language validation notice by telephone or email, if the debt collector accepts consumer requests through those communication media."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(d)(3)(vii).", "1. Merchant brand."], "anchor": "34-d-3-vii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Merchant brand. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(vii) permits a debt collector to include the merchant brand, if any, associated with debt. For example, assume that a debt collector is attempting to collect a consumer’s credit card debt. The credit card was issued by ABC Bank and was co-branded XYZ Store. “XYZ Store” is the merchant brand."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(d)(3)(vii).", "2. Affinity brand."], "anchor": "34-d-3-vii-Interp-2", "text": "2. Affinity brand. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(vii) permits a debt collector to include the affinity brand, if any, associated with the debt. For example, assume that a debt collector is attempting to collect a consumer’s credit card debt. The credit card was issued by ABC Bank, and the logo for the College of Columbia appears on the credit card. “College of Columbia” is the affinity brand."}, {"heading_path": ["Paragraph 34(d)(3)(vii).", "3. Facility name."], "anchor": "34-d-3-vii-Interp-3", "text": "3. Facility name. Section 1006.34(d)(3)(vii) permits a debt collector to include the facility name, if any, associated with the debt. For example, assume that a debt collector is attempting to collect a consumer’s medical debt. The medical debt relates to a treatment that the consumer received at ABC Hospital. “ABC Hospital” is the facility name."}, {"heading_path": ["34(e) Translation into other languages.", "1. Safe harbor for complete and accurate translation."], "anchor": "34-e-Interp-1", "text": "1. Safe harbor for complete and accurate translation. Section 1006.34(e) provides, among other things, that, if a debt collector sends a consumer a validation notice translated into a language other than English, the translation must be complete and accurate. The language of a validation notice that a debt collector obtains from the Bureau’s website is considered a complete and accurate translation. Debt collectors are permitted to use other validation notice translations if they are complete and accurate."}]}
{"id": "b94840098e37bf58", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-38/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-38", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.38 — Disputes and Requests for Original-Creditor Information", "description": "The comment for 1006.38 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:05Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:23Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:23Z", "word_count": 863, "char_count": 5456, "reading_time_minutes": 4, "link_density": 0.028, "quality_score": 0.98, "content_hash": "3ca058893f6f58a51fba10b368b4b68c8543727f07d4b378f8c612edcc656662", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "1. In writing. Section 1006.38 contains requirements related to a dispute or request for the name and address of the original creditor timely submitted in writing by the consumer. A consumer has disputed the debt or requested the name and address of the original creditor in writing for purposes of § 1006.38(c) or (d)(2) if the consumer, for example:\n\ni. Mails the written dispute or request to the debt collector;\n\nii. Returns to the debt collector the consumer-response form that § 1006.34(c)(4) requires to appear on the validation notice and indicates on the form the dispute or request;\n\niii. Provides the dispute or request to the debt collector using a medium of electronic communication through which the debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers, such as an email address or a website portal; or\n\niv. Delivers the written dispute or request in person or by courier to the debt collector.\n\n2. Interpretation of the E-SIGN Act. Comment 38–1.ii constitutes the Bureau’s interpretation of section 101 of the E-SIGN Act as applied to section 809(b) of the FDCPA. Under this interpretation, section 101(a) of the E-SIGN Act enables a consumer to satisfy through an electronic request the requirement in section 809(b) of the FDCPA that the consumer’s notification of the debt collector be “in writing.” Further, because the consumer may only use a medium of electronic communication through which a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers, section 101(b) of the E-SIGN Act is not contravened.\n\n3. Deceased consumers. If the debt collector knows or should know that the consumer is deceased, and if the consumer has not previously disputed the debt or requested the name and address of the original creditor, a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate operates as the consumer for purposes of § 1006.38. In such circumstances, to comply with § 1006.38(c) or (d)(2), respectively, a debt collector must respond to a request for the name and address of the original creditor or to a dispute timely submitted in writing by a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate.\n\n38(a) Definitions.\n\n38(a)(1) Duplicative dispute.\n\n1. Substantially the same. Section 1006.38(a)(1) provides that a dispute is a duplicative dispute if, among other things, the dispute is substantially the same as a dispute previously submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period for which the debt collector has already satisfied the requirements of § 1006.38(d)(2)(i). A later dispute can be substantially the same as an earlier dispute even if the later dispute does not repeat verbatim the language of the earlier dispute.\n\n2. New and material information. Section 1006.38(a)(1) provides that a dispute that is substantially the same as a dispute previously submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period for which the debt collector has already satisfied the requirements of § 1006.38(d)(2)(i) is not a duplicative dispute if the consumer provides new and material information to support the dispute. Information is new if the consumer did not provide the information when submitting an earlier dispute. Information is material if it is reasonably likely to change the verification the debt collector provided or would have provided in response to the earlier dispute. The following example illustrates the rule:\n\ni. ABC debt collector is collecting a debt from a consumer and sends the consumer a validation notice. In response, the consumer submits a written dispute to ABC debt collector within the validation period asserting that the consumer does not owe the debt. The consumer does not include any information in support of the dispute. Pursuant to § 1006.38(d)(2)(i), ABC debt collector provides the consumer a copy of verification of the debt. The consumer then sends a cancelled check showing the consumer paid the debt. The cancelled check is new and material information.\n\n38(d) Disputes.\n\n38(d)(2) Response to disputes.\n\nParagraph 38(d)(2)(ii).\n\n1. Duplicative dispute notice. Section 1006.38(d)(2)(ii) provides that, in the case of a dispute that a debt collector reasonably determines is a duplicative dispute, the debt collector must cease collection of the debt, or any disputed portion of the debt, until the debt collector either notifies the consumer that the dispute is duplicative (§ 1006.38(d)(2)(ii)(A)) or provides a copy either of verification of the debt or of a judgment to the consumer (§ 1006.38(d)(2)(ii)(B)). If the debt collector notifies the consumer that the dispute is duplicative, § 1006.38(d)(2)(ii)(A) requires that the notice provide a brief statement of the reasons for the debt collector’s determination that the dispute is duplicative and refer the consumer to the debt collector’s response to the earlier dispute. A debt collector complies with the requirement to provide a brief statement of the reasons for its determination if the notice states that the dispute is substantially the same as an earlier dispute submitted by the consumer and the consumer has not included any new and material information in support of the earlier dispute. A debt collector complies with the requirement to refer the consumer to the debt collector’s response to the earlier dispute if the notice states that the debt collector responded to the earlier dispute and provides the date of that response.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["1. In writing."], "anchor": "38-_-Interp-1", "text": "1. In writing. Section 1006.38 contains requirements related to a dispute or request for the name and address of the original creditor timely submitted in writing by the consumer. A consumer has disputed the debt or requested the name and address of the original creditor in writing for purposes of § 1006.38(c) or (d)(2) if the consumer, for example:\n\ni. Mails the written dispute or request to the debt collector;\n\nii. Returns to the debt collector the consumer-response form that § 1006.34(c)(4) requires to appear on the validation notice and indicates on the form the dispute or request;\n\niii. Provides the dispute or request to the debt collector using a medium of electronic communication through which the debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers, such as an email address or a website portal; or\n\niv. Delivers the written dispute or request in person or by courier to the debt collector."}, {"heading_path": ["2. Interpretation of the E-SIGN Act."], "anchor": "38-_-Interp-2", "text": "2. Interpretation of the E-SIGN Act. Comment 38–1.ii constitutes the Bureau’s interpretation of section 101 of the E-SIGN Act as applied to section 809(b) of the FDCPA. Under this interpretation, section 101(a) of the E-SIGN Act enables a consumer to satisfy through an electronic request the requirement in section 809(b) of the FDCPA that the consumer’s notification of the debt collector be “in writing.” Further, because the consumer may only use a medium of electronic communication through which a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers, section 101(b) of the E-SIGN Act is not contravened."}, {"heading_path": ["3. Deceased consumers."], "anchor": "38-_-Interp-3", "text": "3. Deceased consumers. If the debt collector knows or should know that the consumer is deceased, and if the consumer has not previously disputed the debt or requested the name and address of the original creditor, a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate operates as the consumer for purposes of § 1006.38. In such circumstances, to comply with § 1006.38(c) or (d)(2), respectively, a debt collector must respond to a request for the name and address of the original creditor or to a dispute timely submitted in writing by a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate."}, {"heading_path": ["38(a) Definitions.", "38(a)(1) Duplicative dispute.", "1. Substantially the same."], "anchor": "38-a-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Substantially the same. Section 1006.38(a)(1) provides that a dispute is a duplicative dispute if, among other things, the dispute is substantially the same as a dispute previously submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period for which the debt collector has already satisfied the requirements of § 1006.38(d)(2)(i). A later dispute can be substantially the same as an earlier dispute even if the later dispute does not repeat verbatim the language of the earlier dispute."}, {"heading_path": ["38(a) Definitions.", "38(a)(1) Duplicative dispute.", "2. New and material information."], "anchor": "38-a-1-Interp-2", "text": "2. New and material information. Section 1006.38(a)(1) provides that a dispute that is substantially the same as a dispute previously submitted by the consumer in writing within the validation period for which the debt collector has already satisfied the requirements of § 1006.38(d)(2)(i) is not a duplicative dispute if the consumer provides new and material information to support the dispute. Information is new if the consumer did not provide the information when submitting an earlier dispute. Information is material if it is reasonably likely to change the verification the debt collector provided or would have provided in response to the earlier dispute. The following example illustrates the rule:\n\ni. ABC debt collector is collecting a debt from a consumer and sends the consumer a validation notice. In response, the consumer submits a written dispute to ABC debt collector within the validation period asserting that the consumer does not owe the debt. The consumer does not include any information in support of the dispute. Pursuant to § 1006.38(d)(2)(i), ABC debt collector provides the consumer a copy of verification of the debt. The consumer then sends a cancelled check showing the consumer paid the debt. The cancelled check is new and material information."}, {"heading_path": ["38(d) Disputes.", "Paragraph 38(d)(2)(ii).", "1. Duplicative dispute notice."], "anchor": "38-d-2-ii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Duplicative dispute notice. Section 1006.38(d)(2)(ii) provides that, in the case of a dispute that a debt collector reasonably determines is a duplicative dispute, the debt collector must cease collection of the debt, or any disputed portion of the debt, until the debt collector either notifies the consumer that the dispute is duplicative (§ 1006.38(d)(2)(ii)(A)) or provides a copy either of verification of the debt or of a judgment to the consumer (§ 1006.38(d)(2)(ii)(B)). If the debt collector notifies the consumer that the dispute is duplicative, § 1006.38(d)(2)(ii)(A) requires that the notice provide a brief statement of the reasons for the debt collector’s determination that the dispute is duplicative and refer the consumer to the debt collector’s response to the earlier dispute. A debt collector complies with the requirement to provide a brief statement of the reasons for its determination if the notice states that the dispute is substantially the same as an earlier dispute submitted by the consumer and the consumer has not included any new and material information in support of the earlier dispute. A debt collector complies with the requirement to refer the consumer to the debt collector’s response to the earlier dispute if the notice states that the debt collector responded to the earlier dispute and provides the date of that response."}]}
{"id": "c741c1a12e2e4326", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-42/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-42", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.42 — Sending Required Disclosures", "description": "The comment for 1006.42 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:27:06Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:24Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:24Z", "word_count": 420, "char_count": 2628, "reading_time_minutes": 2, "link_density": 0.026, "quality_score": 0.9, "content_hash": "4b182302ece46e5cc4418bf9062258623c8f1e133c5e2f4a47fa5fa02c97fefe", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "42(a) Sending required disclosures.\n\n42(a)(1) In general.\n\n1. Relevant factors. Section 1006.42(a)(1) provides, in part, that a debt collector who sends disclosures required by the Act or this part in writing or electronically must, among other things, do so in a manner that is reasonably expected to provide actual notice. In determining whether a debt collector has complied with this requirement, relevant factors include whether the debt collector:\n\ni. Identified the purpose of the communication by including, in the subject line of an electronic communication transmitting the disclosure, the name of the creditor to whom the debt currently is owed or allegedly is owed and one additional piece of information identifying the debt, other than the amount, such as a truncated account number; the name of the original creditor; the name of any store brand associated with the debt; the date of sale of a product or service giving rise to the debt; the physical address of service; and the billing or mailing address on the account;\n\nii. Permitted receipt of notifications of undeliverability from communications providers, monitored for any such notifications, and treated any such notifications as precluding a reasonable expectation of actual notice for that delivery attempt; and\n\niii. Identified itself as the sender of the communication by including a business name that the consumer would be likely to recognize, such as the name included in the notice described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C), or the name that the debt collector has used in a prior limited-content message left for the consumer or in an email message sent to the consumer.\n\n2. Notice of undeliverability. A debt collector who sends a required disclosure in writing or electronically and who receives a notice that the disclosure was not delivered has not sent the disclosure in a manner that is reasonably expected to provide actual notice under § 1006.42(a)(1).\n\n3. Safe harbor for notices sent by mail. Subject to comment 42(a)(1)–2, a debt collector satisfies § 1006.42(a)(1) if the debt collector mails a printed copy of a disclosure to the consumer’s last known address, unless the debt collector, at the time of mailing, knows or should know that the consumer does not currently reside at, or receive mail at, that location.\n\n4. Effect of consumer opt out. If a consumer has opted out of debt collection communications to a particular email address or telephone number by, for example, following the instructions provided pursuant to § 1006.6(e), then a debt collector cannot use that email address or telephone number to send required disclosures.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["42(a) Sending required disclosures.", "42(a)(1) In general.", "1. Relevant factors."], "anchor": "42-a-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Relevant factors. Section 1006.42(a)(1) provides, in part, that a debt collector who sends disclosures required by the Act or this part in writing or electronically must, among other things, do so in a manner that is reasonably expected to provide actual notice. In determining whether a debt collector has complied with this requirement, relevant factors include whether the debt collector:\n\ni. Identified the purpose of the communication by including, in the subject line of an electronic communication transmitting the disclosure, the name of the creditor to whom the debt currently is owed or allegedly is owed and one additional piece of information identifying the debt, other than the amount, such as a truncated account number; the name of the original creditor; the name of any store brand associated with the debt; the date of sale of a product or service giving rise to the debt; the physical address of service; and the billing or mailing address on the account;\n\nii. Permitted receipt of notifications of undeliverability from communications providers, monitored for any such notifications, and treated any such notifications as precluding a reasonable expectation of actual notice for that delivery attempt; and\n\niii. Identified itself as the sender of the communication by including a business name that the consumer would be likely to recognize, such as the name included in the notice described in § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C), or the name that the debt collector has used in a prior limited-content message left for the consumer or in an email message sent to the consumer."}, {"heading_path": ["42(a) Sending required disclosures.", "42(a)(1) In general.", "2. Notice of undeliverability."], "anchor": "42-a-1-Interp-2", "text": "2. Notice of undeliverability. A debt collector who sends a required disclosure in writing or electronically and who receives a notice that the disclosure was not delivered has not sent the disclosure in a manner that is reasonably expected to provide actual notice under § 1006.42(a)(1)."}, {"heading_path": ["42(a) Sending required disclosures.", "42(a)(1) In general.", "3. Safe harbor for notices sent by mail."], "anchor": "42-a-1-Interp-3", "text": "3. Safe harbor for notices sent by mail. Subject to comment 42(a)(1)–2, a debt collector satisfies § 1006.42(a)(1) if the debt collector mails a printed copy of a disclosure to the consumer’s last known address, unless the debt collector, at the time of mailing, knows or should know that the consumer does not currently reside at, or receive mail at, that location."}, {"heading_path": ["42(a) Sending required disclosures.", "42(a)(1) In general.", "4. Effect of consumer opt out."], "anchor": "42-a-1-Interp-4", "text": "4. Effect of consumer opt out. If a consumer has opted out of debt collection communications to a particular email address or telephone number by, for example, following the instructions provided pursuant to § 1006.6(e), then a debt collector cannot use that email address or telephone number to send required disclosures."}]}
{"id": "117f616bd304021c", "url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/interp-6/", "canonical_url": "https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1006/Interp-6", "domain": "www.consumerfinance.gov", "title": "Comment for 1006.6 — Communications in Connection with Debt Collection", "description": "The comment for 1006.6 is part of 12 CFR Part 1006 (Regulation F). Regulation F is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.", "content_type": "official_interpretation", "language": "en", "tags": ["regulation f", "12 cfr 1006", "legal text", "interactive bureau regulations", "12 cfr part 1006 (regulation f)"], "published_at": null, "modified_at": null, "fetched_at": "2026-11-03T20:26:58Z", "first_seen_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:16Z", "last_changed_at": "2026-11-03T20:25:16Z", "word_count": 5715, "char_count": 37214, "reading_time_minutes": 25, "link_density": 0.039, "quality_score": 0.98, "content_hash": "198b200d91a2f89cec046061d5dc7083e14e8d4662898d254729807ac8b705c8", "extraction_method": "selector", "crawl_depth": 1, "license": "U.S. Government work, public domain in the U.S. (17 U.S.C. 105)", "body_text": "6(a) Consumer.\n\nParagraph 6(a)(1).\n\n1. Spouse. Section 1006.6(a)(1) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6, the term consumer includes a consumer’s spouse. The surviving spouse of a deceased consumer is a spouse as that term is used in § 1006.6(a)(1).\n\nParagraph 6(a)(2).\n\n1. Parent. Section 1006.6(a)(2) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6, the term consumer includes a consumer’s parent, if the consumer is a minor. A parent of a deceased minor consumer is a parent as that term is used in § 1006.6(a)(2).\n\nParagraph 6(a)(4).\n\n1. Personal representative. Section 1006.6(a)(4) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6, the term consumer includes the executor or administrator of the consumer’s estate, if the consumer is deceased. The terms executor or administrator include the personal representative of the consumer’s estate. A personal representative is any person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate. Persons with such authority may include personal representatives under the informal probate and summary administration procedures of many States, persons appointed as universal successors, persons who sign declarations or affidavits to effectuate the transfer of estate assets, and persons who dispose of the deceased consumer’s financial assets or other assets of monetary value extrajudicially.\n\n6(b) Communications with a consumer.\n\n6(b)(1) Prohibitions regarding unusual or inconvenient times or places.\n\n1. Designation of inconvenience. Section 1006.6(b)(1) prohibits a debt collector from, among other things, communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt at a time or place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer, unless an exception in § 1006.6(b)(4) applies. For example, a debt collector knows or should know that a time or place is inconvenient to a consumer if the consumer uses the word “inconvenient” to notify the debt collector. In addition, depending on the facts and circumstances, the debt collector knows or should know that a time or place is inconvenient even if the consumer does not specifically state to the debt collector that a time or place is “inconvenient.” The debt collector may ask follow-up questions regarding whether a time or place is convenient to clarify statements by the consumer. For example:\n\ni. Assume that a creditor places a debt for collection with a debt collector. To facilitate collection of the debt, the creditor provides the debt collector a file that includes recent notes stating that the consumer cannot be disturbed on Tuesdays and Thursdays through the end of the calendar year. Based on these facts, the debt collector knows or should know that Tuesdays and Thursdays through the end of the calendar year are inconvenient to the consumer. Unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer on those days through the end of the calendar year.\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector calls a consumer. The consumer answers the call but states “I am busy” or “I cannot talk now.” The debt collector asks the consumer when would be a convenient time. The consumer responds, “on weekdays, except from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.” The debt collector asks the consumer whether there would be a convenient time on weekends. The consumer responds “no.” Based on these facts, the debt collector knows or should know that the time period between 3:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. on weekdays, and all times on weekends, are inconvenient to the consumer. Thereafter, unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer at those times.\n\niii. Assume that a consumer tells a debt collector not to communicate with the consumer at a particular place, such as the consumer’s home. The debt collector asks whether the consumer intends to prohibit the debt collector from communicating with the consumer through all media associated with the consumer’s home, including, for example, mail. Absent such additional information, the debt collector knows or should know that communications to the consumer at home, including mail to the consumer’s home address and calls to the consumer’s home landline telephone number, are inconvenient. Thereafter, unless the consumer informs the debt collector that the place is no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer at the consumer’s home. See comment 6(b)(1)(ii)–1 for additional guidance regarding communications or attempts to communicate at an inconvenient place.\n\n2. Consumer-initiated communication. If a consumer initiates a communication with a debt collector at a time or from a place that the consumer previously designated as inconvenient, the debt collector may respond once at that time or place through the same medium of communication used by the consumer. (For more on medium of communication, see § 1006.14(h) and its associated commentary.) After that response, § 1006.6(b)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate further with the consumer at that time or place until the consumer conveys that the time or place is no longer inconvenient, unless an exception in § 1006.6(b)(4) applies. For example:\n\ni. Assume the same facts as in comment 6(b)(1)–1.ii, except that, after the consumer tells the debt collector that weekdays from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. and weekends are inconvenient, the consumer sends an email message to the debt collector at 3:30 p.m. on Wednesday. Based on these facts, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) does not prohibit the debt collector from responding once by email message before 5:00 p.m. on that day. Unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from future communications or attempts to communicate with the consumer on weekdays between 3:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. and on weekends. Additionally, if the consumer responds to the debt collector’s email message, the debt collector may continue to respond once to each consumer-initiated email message before 5:00 p.m. on that day.\n\nii. Assume the same facts as in comment 6(b)(1)–1.iii, except that, after the consumer tells the debt collector not to communicate with the consumer at home, the consumer calls the debt collector from the consumer’s home landline telephone number. Based on these facts, § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) does not prohibit the debt collector from responding once by communicating with the consumer on that telephone call. Unless the consumer informs the debt collector that the place is no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) prohibits the debt collector from future communications or attempts to communicate with the consumer at home.\n\niii. Assume that a consumer tells a debt collector that all communications to the consumer on Friday every week are inconvenient to the consumer. On a Friday, the consumer visits the debt collector’s website and uses the debt collector’s mobile application. Based on these facts, while the consumer navigates the website or uses the mobile application, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) does not prohibit the debt collector from conveying information to the consumer about the debt through the website or mobile application. Once the consumer stops navigating the website or using the mobile application, however, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from further communications or attempts to communicate on that day. And unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from future communications or attempts to communicate with the consumer on Fridays.\n\niv. Assume the same facts as in comment 6(b)(1)–2.iii, except that after the consumer visits the debt collector’s website and uses the debt collector’s mobile application, the consumer sends an email message to the debt collector at 8:30 p.m. on Friday. Based on these facts, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) does not prohibit the debt collector from responding once, such as by sending an automated email message reply generated in response to the consumer’s email message. Unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from future communications or attempts to communicate with the consumer on Fridays.\n\nParagraph 6(b)(1)(i).\n\n1. Time of electronic communication. Section 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate, including through electronic communication media, at any unusual time, or at a time that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. For purposes of determining the time of an electronic communication, such as an email or text message, under § 1006.6(b)(1)(i), an electronic communication occurs when the debt collector sends it, not, for example, when the consumer receives or views it.\n\n2. Consumer’s location. Under § 1006.6(b)(1)(i), in the absence of a debt collector’s knowledge of circumstances to the contrary, an inconvenient time for communicating with a consumer is before 8:00 a.m. and after 9:00 p.m. local time at the consumer’s location. If a debt collector has conflicting or ambiguous information regarding a consumer’s location, then, in the absence of knowledge of circumstances to the contrary, the debt collector complies with § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) if the debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with the consumer at a time that would be convenient in all of the locations at which the debt collector’s information indicates the consumer might be located. The following examples, which assume that the debt collector has no information about times the consumer considers inconvenient or other information about the consumer’s location, illustrate the rule.\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector’s information indicates that a consumer has a mobile telephone number with an area code associated with the Eastern time zone and a residential address in the Pacific time zone. The convenient times to communicate with the consumer are after 11:00 a.m. Eastern time (8:00 a.m. Pacific time) and before 9:00 p.m. Eastern time (6:00 p.m. Pacific time).\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector’s information indicates that a consumer has a mobile telephone number with an area code associated with the Eastern time zone and a landline telephone number with an area code associated with the Mountain time zone. The convenient times to communicate with the consumer are after 10:00 a.m. Eastern time (8:00 a.m. Mountain time) and before 9:00 p.m. Eastern time (7:00 p.m. Mountain time).\n\nParagraph 6(b)(1)(ii).\n\n1. Communications or attempts to communicate at unusual or inconvenient places. Section 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt at any unusual place, or at a place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. Some communication media, such as mailing addresses and landline telephone numbers, are associated with a place. Pursuant to § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii), a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer through media associated with an unusual place, or with a place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. Other communication media, such as email addresses and mobile telephone numbers, are not associated with a place. Section 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) does not prohibit a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer through such media unless the debt collector knows that the consumer is at an unusual place, or at a place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. For example:\n\ni. Assume the same facts as in comment 6(b)(1)–1.iii. Unless the debt collector knows that the consumer is at home, a telephone call to the consumer’s mobile telephone number or an electronic communication, including, for example, an email message or a text message to the consumer’s mobile telephone, does not violate § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) even if the consumer receives or views the communication while at home.\n\n6(b)(2) Prohibitions regarding consumer represented by an attorney.\n\n1. Consumer-initiated communications. A consumer-initiated communication from a consumer represented by an attorney constitutes the consumer’s prior consent to that communication under § 1006.6(b)(4)(i); therefore, a debt collector may respond to that consumer-initiated communication. However, the consumer’s act of initiating the communication does not negate the debt collector’s knowledge that the consumer is represented by an attorney and does not revoke the protections afforded the consumer under § 1006.6(b)(2). After the debt collector’s response, the debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate further with the consumer unless the debt collector knows the consumer is not represented by an attorney with respect to the debt, either based on information from the consumer or the consumer’s attorney, or unless an exception under § 1006.6(b)(2)(i) or (ii) or § 1006.6(b)(4) applies.\n\n6(b)(3) Prohibitions regarding consumer’s place of employment.\n\n1. Communications at consumer’s place of employment. Section 1006.6(b)(3) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt at the consumer’s place of employment, if the debt collector knows or has reason to know that the consumer’s employer prohibits the consumer from receiving such communication. A debt collector knows or has reason to know that a consumer’s employer prohibits the consumer from receiving such communication if, for example, the consumer tells the debt collector that the consumer cannot take personal calls at work. The debt collector may ask follow-up questions regarding the employer’s prohibitions or limitations on contacting the consumer at the place of employment to clarify statements by the consumer.\n\n2. Employer-provided email. For special rules regarding employer-provided email addresses, see § 1006.22(f)(3) and its associated commentary.\n\n6(b)(4) Exceptions.\n\nParagraph 6(b)(4)(i).\n\n1. Prior consent—in general. Section 1006.6(b)(4)(i) provides, in part, that the prohibitions in § 1006.6(b)(1) through (3) on a debt collector communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt do not apply if the debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with the prior consent of the consumer. If the debt collector learns during a communication that the debt collector is communicating with the consumer at an inconvenient time or place, for example, the debt collector may ask the consumer during that communication what time or place would be convenient. However, § 1006.6(b)(4)(i) prohibits the debt collector from asking the consumer to consent to the continuation of that inconvenient communication.\n\n2. Directly to the debt collector. Section 1006.6(b)(4)(i) requires the prior consent of the consumer to be given directly to the debt collector. For example, a debt collector cannot rely on the prior consent of the consumer given to a creditor or to a previous debt collector.\n\n6(c) Communications with a consumer—after refusal to pay or cease communication notice.\n\n6(c)(1) Prohibitions.\n\n1. Notification complete upon receipt. If, pursuant to § 1006.6(c)(1), a consumer notifies a debt collector in writing or electronically using a medium of electronic communication through which a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers that the consumer either refuses to pay a debt or wants the debt collector to cease further communication with the consumer, notification is complete upon the debt collector’s receipt of that information. The following example illustrates the rule.\n\ni. Assume that on August 3, a consumer places in the mail a written notification to a debt collector that the consumer either refuses to pay a debt or wants the debt collector to cease further communication with the consumer pursuant to § 1006.6(c)(1). On August 4, the debt collector sends the consumer an email message. The debt collector receives the consumer’s written notification on August 6. Because the consumer’s notification is complete upon the debt collector’s receipt of that information on August 6, the debt collector’s email message communication on August 4 does not violate § 1006.6(c)(1).\n\n2. Interpretation of the E-SIGN Act. Comment 6(c)(1)–1 constitutes the Bureau’s interpretation of section 101 of the E-SIGN Act as applied to FDCPA section 805(c). Under this interpretation, section 101(a) of the E-SIGN Act enables a consumer to satisfy the requirement in FDCPA section 805(c) that the consumer’s notification of the debt collector be “in writing” through an electronic request. Further, because the consumer may only satisfy the writing requirement using a medium of electronic communication through which a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers, section 101(b) of the E-SIGN Act is not contravened.\n\n6(c)(2) Exceptions.\n\n1. Written early intervention notice for mortgage servicers. The Bureau has interpreted the written early intervention notice required by 12 CFR 1024.39(d)(3) to fall within the exceptions to the cease communication provision in FDCPA section 805(c)(2) and (3). See 12 CFR 1024.39(d)(3), its commentary, and the Bureau’s 2016 FDCPA Interpretive Rule (81 FR 71977 (Oct. 19, 2016)).\n\n2. Other mortgage servicing rule provisions. Notwithstanding a consumer’s cease communication request pursuant to § 1006.6(c)(1), a mortgage servicer who is subject to the FDCPA with respect to a mortgage loan is not liable under the FDCPA for complying with certain servicing rule provisions, including requirements to provide a consumer with disclosures regarding the forced placement of hazard insurance as required by 12 CFR 1024.37, a disclosure regarding an adjustable-rate mortgage’s initial interest rate adjustment as required by 12 CFR 1026.20(d), and a periodic statement for each billing cycle as required by 12 CFR 1026.41. See CFPB Bulletin 2013-12 (Oct. 15, 2013) providing implementation guidance for certain mortgage servicing rules.\n\n6(d) Communications with third parties.\n\n6(d)(2) Exceptions.\n\n1. Prior consent. See the commentary to § 1006.6(b)(4)(i) for guidance concerning a consumer giving prior consent directly to a debt collector.\n\n6(d)(3) Reasonable procedures for email and text message communications.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(3)(ii).\n\n1. Knowledge of prohibited disclosure. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(ii), a debt collector knows that sending an email to an email address or a text message to a telephone number has led to a disclosure prohibited by § 1006.6(d)(1) if any person has informed the debt collector of that fact.\n\n6(d)(4) Procedures for email addresses.\n\n6(d)(4)(i) Procedures based on communication between the consumer and the debt collector.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(4)(i)(B).\n\n1. Prior consent—in general. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(B) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send an email to an email address if, among other things, the debt collector has received directly from the consumer prior consent to use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(B), a consumer may provide consent directly to a debt collector through any medium of communication, such as in writing, electronically, or orally.\n\n2. Prior consent—consumer-provided email address. If a consumer provides an email address to a debt collector (including on the debt collector’s website or online portal), the debt collector may treat the consumer as having consented directly to the debt collector’s use of the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(B) if the debt collector discloses clearly and conspicuously that the debt collector may use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt.\n\n6(d)(4)(ii) Procedures based on communication by the creditor.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(B).\n\n1. Communications about the account. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(B) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send an email to an email address if, among other things, the creditor used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the account giving rise to the debt. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(B), communications about the account include, for example, required disclosures, bills, invoices, periodic statements, payment reminders, and payment confirmations. Communications about the account do not include, for example, marketing or advertising materials unrelated to the consumer’s account.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C).\n\n1. Clear and conspicuous. Clear and conspicuous means readily understandable. In the case of written and electronic disclosures, the location and type size also must be readily noticeable and legible to consumers, although no minimum type size is mandated.\n\n2. Sample language. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send an email to an email address if, among other things, the creditor sent the consumer a written or electronic notice that clearly and conspicuously disclosed that the debt would be transferred to the debt collector; that the debt collector might use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt; that, if others have access to this email address, then it is possible they may see the emails; instructions for a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer could opt out of such communications; and the date by which the debt collector or creditor must receive the consumer’s request to opt out.\n\ni. When a creditor sends the notice in writing, the creditor may use, but is not required to use, the following language to satisfy § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C): “We are transferring your account to ABC debt collector, and we are providing ABC debt collector with the following email address for you: [email address]. ABC debt collector may use this email address to communicate with you about the debt. If others have access to this email address, then it is possible they may see the emails. If you would like to opt out of communications by ABC debt collector to [email address], please fill out the enclosed form and return it in the enclosed envelope so that we receive it by [date].”\n\nii. When a creditor sends the notice electronically, the creditor may use, but is not required to use, the following language to satisfy § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C): “We are transferring your account to ABC debt collector, and we are providing ABC debt collector with the following email address for you: [email address]. ABC debt collector may use this email address to communicate with you about the debt. If others have access to this email address, then it is possible they may see the emails. If you would like to opt out of communications by ABC debt collector to [email address], please click here by [date].”\n\n3. Combined notice. A notice provided by the creditor under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C) may be contained in a larger communication that conveys other information, as long as the notice is clear and conspicuous.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(1).\n\n1. Identification of the debt collector. Under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(1), the notice must clearly and conspicuously disclose, among other things, that the debt has been or will be transferred to the debt collector. To satisfy this requirement, the notice must identify the name of the specific debt collector to which the debt has been or will be transferred.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(4).\n\n1. Reasonable and simple method to opt out. Under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(4), the notice must clearly and conspicuously disclose instructions for a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer can opt out of the debt collector’s use of the email address to communicate about the debt. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. When the creditor sends the notice in writing, reasonable and simple methods for opting out include providing a reply form and a pre-addressed envelope together with the opt-out notice. Requiring a consumer to call or write to obtain a form for opting out, rather than including the form with the opt-out notice, does not meet the requirement to provide a reasonable and simple method for opting out.\n\nii. When the creditor sends the notice electronically, reasonable and simple methods for opting out include providing an electronic means to opt out, such as a hyperlink, or allowing the consumer to opt out by replying to the communication with the word “stop.” Requiring a consumer who receives the opt-out notice electronically to opt out by postal mail, telephone, or visiting a website without providing a link does not meet the requirement to provide a reasonable and simple method for opting out.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(5).\n\n1. Recipient of opt-out request. Under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(5), the notice must clearly and conspicuously disclose the date by which a debt collector or creditor must receive a consumer’s request to opt out, which must be at least 35 days after the date the notice is sent. The notice may instruct the consumer to respond to the debt collector or to the creditor but not to both.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(D).\n\n1. Effect of opt-out request after expiration of opt-out period. If a consumer requests after the expiration of the opt-out period that the debt collector not communicate using the email address identified in the opt-out notice, such as by returning the notice or opting out under § 1006.6(e), § 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer using that email address. If the consumer requests after the expiration of the opt-out period that the debt collector not communicate with the consumer by email, § 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer by email, including by using the specific email address identified in the notice. For more on prohibited communication media and certain exceptions, see § 1006.14(h) and its associated commentary. If after the expiration of the opt-out period the consumer notifies the debt collector in writing or electronically using a medium of electronic communication through which a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers that the consumer refuses to pay the debt or wants the debt collector to cease further communication with the consumer, § 1006.6(c)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer with respect to the debt, subject to the exceptions in § 1006.6(c)(2). For more on communications with a consumer after refusal to pay or a cease communication notice, see § 1006.6(c) and its associated commentary.\n\n2. Scope of opt-out request. In the absence of evidence that the consumer refuses to pay the debt or wants the debt collector to cease all communication with the consumer, a consumer’s request under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(D) to opt out of a debt collector’s use of a particular email address to communicate with the consumer by email does not constitute a notification to cease further communication with respect to the debt under § 1006.6(c)(1).\n\nParagraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(E).\n\n1. Domain name available for use by the general public. Under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(E), the domain name of an email address is available for use by the general public when multiple members of the general public are permitted to use the same domain name, whether for free or through a paid subscription. Such a name does not include one that is reserved for use by specific registrants, such as a domain name branded for use by a particular commercial entity (e.g., john.doe@springsidemortgage.com) or reserved for particular types of institutions (e.g., john.doe@agency.gov, john.doe@university.edu, or john.doe@nonprofit.org).\n\n2. Knowledge of employer-provided email address. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(E), a debt collector knows that an email address is provided by the consumer’s employer if any person has informed the debt collector that the address is employer provided. However, § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(E) does not require a debt collector to conduct a manual review of consumer accounts to determine whether an email address might be employer provided.\n\n6(d)(4)(iii) Procedures based on communication by the prior debt collector.\n\n1. Immediately prior debt collector. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(iii) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send an email to an email address if, among other things, the immediately prior debt collector used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(iii), the immediately prior debt collector is the debt collector immediately preceding the current debt collector. For example, if ABC debt collector returns a debt to the creditor and the creditor places the debt with XYZ debt collector, ABC debt collector is the immediately prior debt collector for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(iii).\n\n2. Examples. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. After obtaining a consumer’s email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), ABC debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using that email address and the consumer does not opt out. ABC debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with XYZ debt collector. XYZ debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using the email address obtained by ABC debt collector. Assuming that the requirements of § 1006.6(d)(3)(ii) are satisfied, XYZ debt collector may have a bona fide error defense to civil liability for any unintentional third-party disclosure that occurs during that communication because a prior debt collector (i.e., ABC debt collector) obtained the email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), the immediately prior debt collector (i.e., ABC debt collector) used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt, and the consumer did not opt out of such communications by ABC debt collector.\n\nii. After obtaining a consumer’s email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), ABC debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using that email address and the consumer does not opt out. ABC debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with EFG debt collector. EFG debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using the email address obtained by ABC debt collector, and the consumer does not opt out. EFG debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with XYZ debt collector. XYZ debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using the email address obtained by ABC debt collector and used by EFG debt collector. Assuming that the requirements of § 1006.6(d)(3)(ii) are satisfied, XYZ debt collector may have a bona fide error defense to civil liability for any unintentional third-party disclosure that occurs during that communication because a prior debt collector (i.e., ABC debt collector) obtained the email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), the immediately prior debt collector (i.e., EFG debt collector) used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt, and the consumer did not opt out of such communications by EFG debt collector.\n\niii. After obtaining a consumer’s email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), ABC debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using that email address and the consumer does not opt out. ABC debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with EFG debt collector, who chooses not to communicate with the consumer by email. EFG debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with XYZ debt collector. XYZ debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using the email address obtained by ABC debt collector. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(iii) does not provide XYZ debt collector with a bona fide error defense to civil liability for any unintentional third-party disclosure that occurs during that communication because the immediately prior debt collector (i.e., EFG debt collector) did not use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt.\n\n6(d)(5) Procedures for telephone numbers for text messages.\n\n1. Complete and accurate database. Section 1006.6(d)(5)(i) and (ii) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send a text message to a telephone number if, among other things, the debt collector confirms, using a complete and accurate database, that the telephone number has not been reassigned from the consumer to another user. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(5)(i) and (ii), the database established by the FCC in In re Advanced Methods to Target & Eliminate Unlawful Robocalls (33 FCC Rcd. 12024 (Dec. 12, 2018)) qualifies as a complete and accurate database, as does any commercially available database that is substantially similar in terms of completeness and accuracy to the FCC’s database.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(5)(i).\n\n1. Response to telephone call by consumer. Section 1006.6(d)(5)(i) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send a text message to a telephone number if, among other things, the consumer used the telephone number to communicate by text message with the debt collector about the debt. Section 1006.6(d)(5)(i) does not apply if the consumer used the telephone number to communicate only by telephone call with the debt collector about the debt.\n\nParagraph 6(d)(5)(ii).\n\n1. Prior consent. See comment 6(d)(4)(i)(B)–1 for guidance concerning how a consumer may provide prior consent directly to a debt collector. See comment 6(d)(4)(i)(B)–2 for guidance concerning when a debt collector may treat a consumer who provides a telephone number for text messages as having consented directly to the debt collector.\n\n6(e) Opt-out notice for electronic communications or attempts to communicate.\n\n1. In general. Section 1006.6(e) requires a debt collector who communicates or attempts to communicate with a consumer electronically in connection with the collection of a debt using a specific email address, telephone number for text messages, or other electronic-medium address to include in such communication or attempt to communicate a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer can opt out of further electronic communications or attempts to communicate by the debt collector to that address or telephone number. See comment 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)–1 for guidance on the meaning of clear and conspicuous. See comment 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(4)–1 for guidance on the meaning of reasonable and simple. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector sends a text message to a consumer’s mobile telephone number. The text message includes the following instruction: “Reply STOP to stop texts to this telephone number.” Assuming that it is readily noticeable and legible to consumers, this instruction constitutes a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method to opt out of receiving further text messages from the debt collector to that telephone number consistent with § 1006.6(e). No minimum type size is mandated.\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector sends the consumer an email that includes a hyperlink labeled: “Click here to opt out of further emails to this email address.” Assuming that it is readily noticeable and legible to consumers, this instruction constitutes a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method to opt out of receiving further emails from the debt collector to that email address consistent with § 1006.6(e). No minimum type size is mandated.\n\niii. Assume that a debt collector sends the consumer an email that includes instructions in a textual format explaining that the consumer may opt out of receiving further email communications from the debt collector to that email address by replying with the word “stop” in the subject line. Assuming that it is readily noticeable and legible to consumers, this instruction constitutes a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method to opt out of receiving further emails from the debt collector to that email address consistent with § 1006.6(e). No minimum type size is mandated.", "sections": [{"heading_path": ["6(a) Consumer.", "Paragraph 6(a)(1).", "1. Spouse."], "anchor": "6-a-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Spouse. Section 1006.6(a)(1) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6, the term consumer includes a consumer’s spouse. The surviving spouse of a deceased consumer is a spouse as that term is used in § 1006.6(a)(1)."}, {"heading_path": ["6(a) Consumer.", "Paragraph 6(a)(2).", "1. Parent."], "anchor": "6-a-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. Parent. Section 1006.6(a)(2) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6, the term consumer includes a consumer’s parent, if the consumer is a minor. A parent of a deceased minor consumer is a parent as that term is used in § 1006.6(a)(2)."}, {"heading_path": ["6(a) Consumer.", "Paragraph 6(a)(4).", "1. Personal representative."], "anchor": "6-a-4-Interp-1", "text": "1. Personal representative. Section 1006.6(a)(4) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6, the term consumer includes the executor or administrator of the consumer’s estate, if the consumer is deceased. The terms executor or administrator include the personal representative of the consumer’s estate. A personal representative is any person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate. Persons with such authority may include personal representatives under the informal probate and summary administration procedures of many States, persons appointed as universal successors, persons who sign declarations or affidavits to effectuate the transfer of estate assets, and persons who dispose of the deceased consumer’s financial assets or other assets of monetary value extrajudicially."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "6(b)(1) Prohibitions regarding unusual or inconvenient times or places.", "1. Designation of inconvenience."], "anchor": "6-b-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Designation of inconvenience. Section 1006.6(b)(1) prohibits a debt collector from, among other things, communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt at a time or place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer, unless an exception in § 1006.6(b)(4) applies. For example, a debt collector knows or should know that a time or place is inconvenient to a consumer if the consumer uses the word “inconvenient” to notify the debt collector. In addition, depending on the facts and circumstances, the debt collector knows or should know that a time or place is inconvenient even if the consumer does not specifically state to the debt collector that a time or place is “inconvenient.” The debt collector may ask follow-up questions regarding whether a time or place is convenient to clarify statements by the consumer. For example:\n\ni. Assume that a creditor places a debt for collection with a debt collector. To facilitate collection of the debt, the creditor provides the debt collector a file that includes recent notes stating that the consumer cannot be disturbed on Tuesdays and Thursdays through the end of the calendar year. Based on these facts, the debt collector knows or should know that Tuesdays and Thursdays through the end of the calendar year are inconvenient to the consumer. Unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer on those days through the end of the calendar year.\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector calls a consumer. The consumer answers the call but states “I am busy” or “I cannot talk now.” The debt collector asks the consumer when would be a convenient time. The consumer responds, “on weekdays, except from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.” The debt collector asks the consumer whether there would be a convenient time on weekends. The consumer responds “no.” Based on these facts, the debt collector knows or should know that the time period between 3:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. on weekdays, and all times on weekends, are inconvenient to the consumer. Thereafter, unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer at those times.\n\niii. Assume that a consumer tells a debt collector not to communicate with the consumer at a particular place, such as the consumer’s home. The debt collector asks whether the consumer intends to prohibit the debt collector from communicating with the consumer through all media associated with the consumer’s home, including, for example, mail. Absent such additional information, the debt collector knows or should know that communications to the consumer at home, including mail to the consumer’s home address and calls to the consumer’s home landline telephone number, are inconvenient. Thereafter, unless the consumer informs the debt collector that the place is no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer at the consumer’s home. See comment 6(b)(1)(ii)–1 for additional guidance regarding communications or attempts to communicate at an inconvenient place."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "6(b)(1) Prohibitions regarding unusual or inconvenient times or places.", "2. Consumer-initiated communication."], "anchor": "6-b-1-Interp-2", "text": "2. Consumer-initiated communication. If a consumer initiates a communication with a debt collector at a time or from a place that the consumer previously designated as inconvenient, the debt collector may respond once at that time or place through the same medium of communication used by the consumer. (For more on medium of communication, see § 1006.14(h) and its associated commentary.) After that response, § 1006.6(b)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate further with the consumer at that time or place until the consumer conveys that the time or place is no longer inconvenient, unless an exception in § 1006.6(b)(4) applies. For example:\n\ni. Assume the same facts as in comment 6(b)(1)–1.ii, except that, after the consumer tells the debt collector that weekdays from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. and weekends are inconvenient, the consumer sends an email message to the debt collector at 3:30 p.m. on Wednesday. Based on these facts, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) does not prohibit the debt collector from responding once by email message before 5:00 p.m. on that day. Unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from future communications or attempts to communicate with the consumer on weekdays between 3:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. and on weekends. Additionally, if the consumer responds to the debt collector’s email message, the debt collector may continue to respond once to each consumer-initiated email message before 5:00 p.m. on that day.\n\nii. Assume the same facts as in comment 6(b)(1)–1.iii, except that, after the consumer tells the debt collector not to communicate with the consumer at home, the consumer calls the debt collector from the consumer’s home landline telephone number. Based on these facts, § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) does not prohibit the debt collector from responding once by communicating with the consumer on that telephone call. Unless the consumer informs the debt collector that the place is no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) prohibits the debt collector from future communications or attempts to communicate with the consumer at home.\n\niii. Assume that a consumer tells a debt collector that all communications to the consumer on Friday every week are inconvenient to the consumer. On a Friday, the consumer visits the debt collector’s website and uses the debt collector’s mobile application. Based on these facts, while the consumer navigates the website or uses the mobile application, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) does not prohibit the debt collector from conveying information to the consumer about the debt through the website or mobile application. Once the consumer stops navigating the website or using the mobile application, however, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from further communications or attempts to communicate on that day. And unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from future communications or attempts to communicate with the consumer on Fridays.\n\niv. Assume the same facts as in comment 6(b)(1)–2.iii, except that after the consumer visits the debt collector’s website and uses the debt collector’s mobile application, the consumer sends an email message to the debt collector at 8:30 p.m. on Friday. Based on these facts, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) does not prohibit the debt collector from responding once, such as by sending an automated email message reply generated in response to the consumer’s email message. Unless the consumer informs the debt collector that those times are no longer inconvenient, § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits the debt collector from future communications or attempts to communicate with the consumer on Fridays."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "Paragraph 6(b)(1)(i).", "1. Time of electronic communication."], "anchor": "6-b-1-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. Time of electronic communication. Section 1006.6(b)(1)(i) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate, including through electronic communication media, at any unusual time, or at a time that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. For purposes of determining the time of an electronic communication, such as an email or text message, under § 1006.6(b)(1)(i), an electronic communication occurs when the debt collector sends it, not, for example, when the consumer receives or views it."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "Paragraph 6(b)(1)(i).", "2. Consumer’s location."], "anchor": "6-b-1-i-Interp-2", "text": "2. Consumer’s location. Under § 1006.6(b)(1)(i), in the absence of a debt collector’s knowledge of circumstances to the contrary, an inconvenient time for communicating with a consumer is before 8:00 a.m. and after 9:00 p.m. local time at the consumer’s location. If a debt collector has conflicting or ambiguous information regarding a consumer’s location, then, in the absence of knowledge of circumstances to the contrary, the debt collector complies with § 1006.6(b)(1)(i) if the debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with the consumer at a time that would be convenient in all of the locations at which the debt collector’s information indicates the consumer might be located. The following examples, which assume that the debt collector has no information about times the consumer considers inconvenient or other information about the consumer’s location, illustrate the rule.\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector’s information indicates that a consumer has a mobile telephone number with an area code associated with the Eastern time zone and a residential address in the Pacific time zone. The convenient times to communicate with the consumer are after 11:00 a.m. Eastern time (8:00 a.m. Pacific time) and before 9:00 p.m. Eastern time (6:00 p.m. Pacific time).\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector’s information indicates that a consumer has a mobile telephone number with an area code associated with the Eastern time zone and a landline telephone number with an area code associated with the Mountain time zone. The convenient times to communicate with the consumer are after 10:00 a.m. Eastern time (8:00 a.m. Mountain time) and before 9:00 p.m. Eastern time (7:00 p.m. Mountain time)."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "Paragraph 6(b)(1)(ii).", "1. Communications or attempts to communicate at unusual or inconvenient places."], "anchor": "6-b-1-ii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Communications or attempts to communicate at unusual or inconvenient places. Section 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt at any unusual place, or at a place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. Some communication media, such as mailing addresses and landline telephone numbers, are associated with a place. Pursuant to § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii), a debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate with a consumer through media associated with an unusual place, or with a place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. Other communication media, such as email addresses and mobile telephone numbers, are not associated with a place. Section 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) does not prohibit a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer through such media unless the debt collector knows that the consumer is at an unusual place, or at a place that the debt collector knows or should know is inconvenient to the consumer. For example:\n\ni. Assume the same facts as in comment 6(b)(1)–1.iii. Unless the debt collector knows that the consumer is at home, a telephone call to the consumer’s mobile telephone number or an electronic communication, including, for example, an email message or a text message to the consumer’s mobile telephone, does not violate § 1006.6(b)(1)(ii) even if the consumer receives or views the communication while at home."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "6(b)(2) Prohibitions regarding consumer represented by an attorney.", "1. Consumer-initiated communications."], "anchor": "6-b-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. Consumer-initiated communications. A consumer-initiated communication from a consumer represented by an attorney constitutes the consumer’s prior consent to that communication under § 1006.6(b)(4)(i); therefore, a debt collector may respond to that consumer-initiated communication. However, the consumer’s act of initiating the communication does not negate the debt collector’s knowledge that the consumer is represented by an attorney and does not revoke the protections afforded the consumer under § 1006.6(b)(2). After the debt collector’s response, the debt collector must not communicate or attempt to communicate further with the consumer unless the debt collector knows the consumer is not represented by an attorney with respect to the debt, either based on information from the consumer or the consumer’s attorney, or unless an exception under § 1006.6(b)(2)(i) or (ii) or § 1006.6(b)(4) applies."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "6(b)(3) Prohibitions regarding consumer’s place of employment.", "1. Communications at consumer’s place of employment."], "anchor": "6-b-3-Interp-1", "text": "1. Communications at consumer’s place of employment. Section 1006.6(b)(3) prohibits a debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt at the consumer’s place of employment, if the debt collector knows or has reason to know that the consumer’s employer prohibits the consumer from receiving such communication. A debt collector knows or has reason to know that a consumer’s employer prohibits the consumer from receiving such communication if, for example, the consumer tells the debt collector that the consumer cannot take personal calls at work. The debt collector may ask follow-up questions regarding the employer’s prohibitions or limitations on contacting the consumer at the place of employment to clarify statements by the consumer."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "6(b)(3) Prohibitions regarding consumer’s place of employment.", "2. Employer-provided email."], "anchor": "6-b-3-Interp-2", "text": "2. Employer-provided email. For special rules regarding employer-provided email addresses, see § 1006.22(f)(3) and its associated commentary."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "Paragraph 6(b)(4)(i).", "1. Prior consent—in general."], "anchor": "6-b-4-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. Prior consent—in general. Section 1006.6(b)(4)(i) provides, in part, that the prohibitions in § 1006.6(b)(1) through (3) on a debt collector communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt do not apply if the debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with the prior consent of the consumer. If the debt collector learns during a communication that the debt collector is communicating with the consumer at an inconvenient time or place, for example, the debt collector may ask the consumer during that communication what time or place would be convenient. However, § 1006.6(b)(4)(i) prohibits the debt collector from asking the consumer to consent to the continuation of that inconvenient communication."}, {"heading_path": ["6(b) Communications with a consumer.", "Paragraph 6(b)(4)(i).", "2. Directly to the debt collector."], "anchor": "6-b-4-i-Interp-2", "text": "2. Directly to the debt collector. Section 1006.6(b)(4)(i) requires the prior consent of the consumer to be given directly to the debt collector. For example, a debt collector cannot rely on the prior consent of the consumer given to a creditor or to a previous debt collector."}, {"heading_path": ["6(c) Communications with a consumer—after refusal to pay or cease communication notice.", "6(c)(1) Prohibitions.", "1. Notification complete upon receipt."], "anchor": "6-c-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Notification complete upon receipt. If, pursuant to § 1006.6(c)(1), a consumer notifies a debt collector in writing or electronically using a medium of electronic communication through which a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers that the consumer either refuses to pay a debt or wants the debt collector to cease further communication with the consumer, notification is complete upon the debt collector’s receipt of that information. The following example illustrates the rule.\n\ni. Assume that on August 3, a consumer places in the mail a written notification to a debt collector that the consumer either refuses to pay a debt or wants the debt collector to cease further communication with the consumer pursuant to § 1006.6(c)(1). On August 4, the debt collector sends the consumer an email message. The debt collector receives the consumer’s written notification on August 6. Because the consumer’s notification is complete upon the debt collector’s receipt of that information on August 6, the debt collector’s email message communication on August 4 does not violate § 1006.6(c)(1)."}, {"heading_path": ["6(c) Communications with a consumer—after refusal to pay or cease communication notice.", "6(c)(1) Prohibitions.", "2. Interpretation of the E-SIGN Act."], "anchor": "6-c-1-Interp-2", "text": "2. Interpretation of the E-SIGN Act. Comment 6(c)(1)–1 constitutes the Bureau’s interpretation of section 101 of the E-SIGN Act as applied to FDCPA section 805(c). Under this interpretation, section 101(a) of the E-SIGN Act enables a consumer to satisfy the requirement in FDCPA section 805(c) that the consumer’s notification of the debt collector be “in writing” through an electronic request. Further, because the consumer may only satisfy the writing requirement using a medium of electronic communication through which a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers, section 101(b) of the E-SIGN Act is not contravened."}, {"heading_path": ["6(c) Communications with a consumer—after refusal to pay or cease communication notice.", "6(c)(2) Exceptions.", "1. Written early intervention notice for mortgage servicers."], "anchor": "6-c-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. Written early intervention notice for mortgage servicers. The Bureau has interpreted the written early intervention notice required by 12 CFR 1024.39(d)(3) to fall within the exceptions to the cease communication provision in FDCPA section 805(c)(2) and (3). See 12 CFR 1024.39(d)(3), its commentary, and the Bureau’s 2016 FDCPA Interpretive Rule (81 FR 71977 (Oct. 19, 2016))."}, {"heading_path": ["6(c) Communications with a consumer—after refusal to pay or cease communication notice.", "6(c)(2) Exceptions.", "2. Other mortgage servicing rule provisions."], "anchor": "6-c-2-Interp-2", "text": "2. Other mortgage servicing rule provisions. Notwithstanding a consumer’s cease communication request pursuant to § 1006.6(c)(1), a mortgage servicer who is subject to the FDCPA with respect to a mortgage loan is not liable under the FDCPA for complying with certain servicing rule provisions, including requirements to provide a consumer with disclosures regarding the forced placement of hazard insurance as required by 12 CFR 1024.37, a disclosure regarding an adjustable-rate mortgage’s initial interest rate adjustment as required by 12 CFR 1026.20(d), and a periodic statement for each billing cycle as required by 12 CFR 1026.41. See CFPB Bulletin 2013-12 (Oct. 15, 2013) providing implementation guidance for certain mortgage servicing rules."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "6(d)(2) Exceptions.", "1. Prior consent."], "anchor": "6-d-2-Interp-1", "text": "1. Prior consent. See the commentary to § 1006.6(b)(4)(i) for guidance concerning a consumer giving prior consent directly to a debt collector."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(3)(ii).", "1. Knowledge of prohibited disclosure."], "anchor": "6-d-3-ii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Knowledge of prohibited disclosure. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(ii), a debt collector knows that sending an email to an email address or a text message to a telephone number has led to a disclosure prohibited by § 1006.6(d)(1) if any person has informed the debt collector of that fact."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(i)(B).", "1. Prior consent—in general."], "anchor": "6-d-4-i-B-Interp-1", "text": "1. Prior consent—in general. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(B) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send an email to an email address if, among other things, the debt collector has received directly from the consumer prior consent to use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(B), a consumer may provide consent directly to a debt collector through any medium of communication, such as in writing, electronically, or orally."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(i)(B).", "2. Prior consent—consumer-provided email address."], "anchor": "6-d-4-i-B-Interp-2", "text": "2. Prior consent—consumer-provided email address. If a consumer provides an email address to a debt collector (including on the debt collector’s website or online portal), the debt collector may treat the consumer as having consented directly to the debt collector’s use of the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(i)(B) if the debt collector discloses clearly and conspicuously that the debt collector may use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(B).", "1. Communications about the account."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-B-Interp-1", "text": "1. Communications about the account. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(B) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send an email to an email address if, among other things, the creditor used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the account giving rise to the debt. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(B), communications about the account include, for example, required disclosures, bills, invoices, periodic statements, payment reminders, and payment confirmations. Communications about the account do not include, for example, marketing or advertising materials unrelated to the consumer’s account."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C).", "1. Clear and conspicuous."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-C-Interp-1", "text": "1. Clear and conspicuous. Clear and conspicuous means readily understandable. In the case of written and electronic disclosures, the location and type size also must be readily noticeable and legible to consumers, although no minimum type size is mandated."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C).", "2. Sample language."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-C-Interp-2", "text": "2. Sample language. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send an email to an email address if, among other things, the creditor sent the consumer a written or electronic notice that clearly and conspicuously disclosed that the debt would be transferred to the debt collector; that the debt collector might use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt; that, if others have access to this email address, then it is possible they may see the emails; instructions for a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer could opt out of such communications; and the date by which the debt collector or creditor must receive the consumer’s request to opt out.\n\ni. When a creditor sends the notice in writing, the creditor may use, but is not required to use, the following language to satisfy § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C): “We are transferring your account to ABC debt collector, and we are providing ABC debt collector with the following email address for you: [email address]. ABC debt collector may use this email address to communicate with you about the debt. If others have access to this email address, then it is possible they may see the emails. If you would like to opt out of communications by ABC debt collector to [email address], please fill out the enclosed form and return it in the enclosed envelope so that we receive it by [date].”\n\nii. When a creditor sends the notice electronically, the creditor may use, but is not required to use, the following language to satisfy § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C): “We are transferring your account to ABC debt collector, and we are providing ABC debt collector with the following email address for you: [email address]. ABC debt collector may use this email address to communicate with you about the debt. If others have access to this email address, then it is possible they may see the emails. If you would like to opt out of communications by ABC debt collector to [email address], please click here by [date].”"}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C).", "3. Combined notice."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-C-Interp-3", "text": "3. Combined notice. A notice provided by the creditor under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C) may be contained in a larger communication that conveys other information, as long as the notice is clear and conspicuous."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(1).", "1. Identification of the debt collector."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-C-1-Interp-1", "text": "1. Identification of the debt collector. Under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(1), the notice must clearly and conspicuously disclose, among other things, that the debt has been or will be transferred to the debt collector. To satisfy this requirement, the notice must identify the name of the specific debt collector to which the debt has been or will be transferred."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(4).", "1. Reasonable and simple method to opt out."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-C-4-Interp-1", "text": "1. Reasonable and simple method to opt out. Under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(4), the notice must clearly and conspicuously disclose instructions for a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer can opt out of the debt collector’s use of the email address to communicate about the debt. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. When the creditor sends the notice in writing, reasonable and simple methods for opting out include providing a reply form and a pre-addressed envelope together with the opt-out notice. Requiring a consumer to call or write to obtain a form for opting out, rather than including the form with the opt-out notice, does not meet the requirement to provide a reasonable and simple method for opting out.\n\nii. When the creditor sends the notice electronically, reasonable and simple methods for opting out include providing an electronic means to opt out, such as a hyperlink, or allowing the consumer to opt out by replying to the communication with the word “stop.” Requiring a consumer who receives the opt-out notice electronically to opt out by postal mail, telephone, or visiting a website without providing a link does not meet the requirement to provide a reasonable and simple method for opting out."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(5).", "1. Recipient of opt-out request."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-C-5-Interp-1", "text": "1. Recipient of opt-out request. Under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(5), the notice must clearly and conspicuously disclose the date by which a debt collector or creditor must receive a consumer’s request to opt out, which must be at least 35 days after the date the notice is sent. The notice may instruct the consumer to respond to the debt collector or to the creditor but not to both."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(D).", "1. Effect of opt-out request after expiration of opt-out period."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-D-Interp-1", "text": "1. Effect of opt-out request after expiration of opt-out period. If a consumer requests after the expiration of the opt-out period that the debt collector not communicate using the email address identified in the opt-out notice, such as by returning the notice or opting out under § 1006.6(e), § 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer using that email address. If the consumer requests after the expiration of the opt-out period that the debt collector not communicate with the consumer by email, § 1006.14(h)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer by email, including by using the specific email address identified in the notice. For more on prohibited communication media and certain exceptions, see § 1006.14(h) and its associated commentary. If after the expiration of the opt-out period the consumer notifies the debt collector in writing or electronically using a medium of electronic communication through which a debt collector accepts electronic communications from consumers that the consumer refuses to pay the debt or wants the debt collector to cease further communication with the consumer, § 1006.6(c)(1) prohibits the debt collector from communicating or attempting to communicate with the consumer with respect to the debt, subject to the exceptions in § 1006.6(c)(2). For more on communications with a consumer after refusal to pay or a cease communication notice, see § 1006.6(c) and its associated commentary."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(D).", "2. Scope of opt-out request."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-D-Interp-2", "text": "2. Scope of opt-out request. In the absence of evidence that the consumer refuses to pay the debt or wants the debt collector to cease all communication with the consumer, a consumer’s request under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(D) to opt out of a debt collector’s use of a particular email address to communicate with the consumer by email does not constitute a notification to cease further communication with respect to the debt under § 1006.6(c)(1)."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(E).", "1. Domain name available for use by the general public."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-E-Interp-1", "text": "1. Domain name available for use by the general public. Under § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(E), the domain name of an email address is available for use by the general public when multiple members of the general public are permitted to use the same domain name, whether for free or through a paid subscription. Such a name does not include one that is reserved for use by specific registrants, such as a domain name branded for use by a particular commercial entity (e.g., john.doe@springsidemortgage.com) or reserved for particular types of institutions (e.g., john.doe@agency.gov, john.doe@university.edu, or john.doe@nonprofit.org)."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(4)(ii)(E).", "2. Knowledge of employer-provided email address."], "anchor": "6-d-4-ii-E-Interp-2", "text": "2. Knowledge of employer-provided email address. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(E), a debt collector knows that an email address is provided by the consumer’s employer if any person has informed the debt collector that the address is employer provided. However, § 1006.6(d)(4)(ii)(E) does not require a debt collector to conduct a manual review of consumer accounts to determine whether an email address might be employer provided."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "6(d)(4)(iii) Procedures based on communication by the prior debt collector.", "1. Immediately prior debt collector."], "anchor": "6-d-4-iii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Immediately prior debt collector. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(iii) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send an email to an email address if, among other things, the immediately prior debt collector used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(iii), the immediately prior debt collector is the debt collector immediately preceding the current debt collector. For example, if ABC debt collector returns a debt to the creditor and the creditor places the debt with XYZ debt collector, ABC debt collector is the immediately prior debt collector for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(4)(iii)."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "6(d)(4)(iii) Procedures based on communication by the prior debt collector.", "2. Examples."], "anchor": "6-d-4-iii-Interp-2", "text": "2. Examples. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. After obtaining a consumer’s email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), ABC debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using that email address and the consumer does not opt out. ABC debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with XYZ debt collector. XYZ debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using the email address obtained by ABC debt collector. Assuming that the requirements of § 1006.6(d)(3)(ii) are satisfied, XYZ debt collector may have a bona fide error defense to civil liability for any unintentional third-party disclosure that occurs during that communication because a prior debt collector (i.e., ABC debt collector) obtained the email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), the immediately prior debt collector (i.e., ABC debt collector) used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt, and the consumer did not opt out of such communications by ABC debt collector.\n\nii. After obtaining a consumer’s email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), ABC debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using that email address and the consumer does not opt out. ABC debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with EFG debt collector. EFG debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using the email address obtained by ABC debt collector, and the consumer does not opt out. EFG debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with XYZ debt collector. XYZ debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using the email address obtained by ABC debt collector and used by EFG debt collector. Assuming that the requirements of § 1006.6(d)(3)(ii) are satisfied, XYZ debt collector may have a bona fide error defense to civil liability for any unintentional third-party disclosure that occurs during that communication because a prior debt collector (i.e., ABC debt collector) obtained the email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), the immediately prior debt collector (i.e., EFG debt collector) used the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt, and the consumer did not opt out of such communications by EFG debt collector.\n\niii. After obtaining a consumer’s email address in accordance with the procedures in § 1006.6(d)(4)(i) or (ii), ABC debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using that email address and the consumer does not opt out. ABC debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with EFG debt collector, who chooses not to communicate with the consumer by email. EFG debt collector returns the debt to the creditor, who places it with XYZ debt collector. XYZ debt collector communicates with the consumer about the debt using the email address obtained by ABC debt collector. Section 1006.6(d)(4)(iii) does not provide XYZ debt collector with a bona fide error defense to civil liability for any unintentional third-party disclosure that occurs during that communication because the immediately prior debt collector (i.e., EFG debt collector) did not use the email address to communicate with the consumer about the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "6(d)(5) Procedures for telephone numbers for text messages.", "1. Complete and accurate database."], "anchor": "6-d-5-Interp-1", "text": "1. Complete and accurate database. Section 1006.6(d)(5)(i) and (ii) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send a text message to a telephone number if, among other things, the debt collector confirms, using a complete and accurate database, that the telephone number has not been reassigned from the consumer to another user. For purposes of § 1006.6(d)(5)(i) and (ii), the database established by the FCC in In re Advanced Methods to Target & Eliminate Unlawful Robocalls (33 FCC Rcd. 12024 (Dec. 12, 2018)) qualifies as a complete and accurate database, as does any commercially available database that is substantially similar in terms of completeness and accuracy to the FCC’s database."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(5)(i).", "1. Response to telephone call by consumer."], "anchor": "6-d-5-i-Interp-1", "text": "1. Response to telephone call by consumer. Section 1006.6(d)(5)(i) provides that, for purposes of § 1006.6(d)(3)(i), a debt collector may send a text message to a telephone number if, among other things, the consumer used the telephone number to communicate by text message with the debt collector about the debt. Section 1006.6(d)(5)(i) does not apply if the consumer used the telephone number to communicate only by telephone call with the debt collector about the debt."}, {"heading_path": ["6(d) Communications with third parties.", "Paragraph 6(d)(5)(ii).", "1. Prior consent."], "anchor": "6-d-5-ii-Interp-1", "text": "1. Prior consent. See comment 6(d)(4)(i)(B)–1 for guidance concerning how a consumer may provide prior consent directly to a debt collector. See comment 6(d)(4)(i)(B)–2 for guidance concerning when a debt collector may treat a consumer who provides a telephone number for text messages as having consented directly to the debt collector."}, {"heading_path": ["6(e) Opt-out notice for electronic communications or attempts to communicate.", "1. In general."], "anchor": "6-e-Interp-1", "text": "1. In general. Section 1006.6(e) requires a debt collector who communicates or attempts to communicate with a consumer electronically in connection with the collection of a debt using a specific email address, telephone number for text messages, or other electronic-medium address to include in such communication or attempt to communicate a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method by which the consumer can opt out of further electronic communications or attempts to communicate by the debt collector to that address or telephone number. See comment 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)–1 for guidance on the meaning of clear and conspicuous. See comment 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)(4)–1 for guidance on the meaning of reasonable and simple. The following examples illustrate the rule.\n\ni. Assume that a debt collector sends a text message to a consumer’s mobile telephone number. The text message includes the following instruction: “Reply STOP to stop texts to this telephone number.” Assuming that it is readily noticeable and legible to consumers, this instruction constitutes a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method to opt out of receiving further text messages from the debt collector to that telephone number consistent with § 1006.6(e). No minimum type size is mandated.\n\nii. Assume that a debt collector sends the consumer an email that includes a hyperlink labeled: “Click here to opt out of further emails to this email address.” Assuming that it is readily noticeable and legible to consumers, this instruction constitutes a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method to opt out of receiving further emails from the debt collector to that email address consistent with § 1006.6(e). No minimum type size is mandated.\n\niii. Assume that a debt collector sends the consumer an email that includes instructions in a textual format explaining that the consumer may opt out of receiving further email communications from the debt collector to that email address by replying with the word “stop” in the subject line. Assuming that it is readily noticeable and legible to consumers, this instruction constitutes a clear and conspicuous statement describing a reasonable and simple method to opt out of receiving further emails from the debt collector to that email address consistent with § 1006.6(e). No minimum type size is mandated."}]}